The Components of Self-Perceived Health in the Kailali District of Nepal: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Study Area and Design
2.2. Data Instrument and Collection
2.3. Data Management and Ethical Consideration
2.4. Measurements
2.4.1. Dependent Variable
2.4.2. Independent Variables
2.5. Statistical Analyses
Variable | Good (n1 = 244) | Poor (n2 = 60) | p Value (Kendall’s Tau b a) | Variable | Good (n1 = 244) | Poor (n2 = 60) | p Value (Kendall’s Tau b) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-demographic characteristics | Health behaviors | ||||||
Gender | 0.788 (0.015) | Smoking | 0.006 ** (−0.181) | ||||
Male (%) | 114 (79.7) | 29 (20.3) | Current | 50 (68.5) | 23 (31.5) | ||
Female (%) | 130 (80.7) | 31 (19.3) | Former | 9 (69.2) | 4 (30.8) | ||
Age groups | 0.093 † (0.110) | Never | 185 (84.9) | 33 (15.1) | |||
<45 (%) | 169 (83.7) | 33 (16.3) | Drinking | 0.013 * (−0.142) | |||
45–65 (%) | 63 (72.4) | 24 (27.6) | Current | 65 (70.7) | 27 (29.3) | ||
>65 (%) | 12 (80.0) | 3 (20.0) | Former | 12 (85.7) | 2 (14.3) | ||
Marital status | 0.550 (−0.034) | Never | 167 (84.3) | 31 (15.7) | |||
Married | 222 (79.9) | 56 (20.1) | Regular exercise | 0.011 * (0.146) | |||
Other | 22 (84.6) | 4 (15.4) | Yes | 32 (97.0) | 1 (3.0) | ||
Household size (Mean) | 6.40 | 5.92 | 0.235 (−0.068) | No | 212 (78.2) | 59 (21.8) | |
Income quintiles | 0.950 (0.028) | Psychological factors | |||||
Q1 (lowest) | 46 (76.7) | 14 (23.3) | Happiness level | 0.005 ** (0.148) | |||
Q2 | 49 (80.3) | 12 (19.7) | Happy | 113 (85.6) | 19 (14.4) | ||
Q3 | 50 (82.0) | 11 (18.0) | Moderate | 122 (78.7) | 33 (21.3) | ||
Q4 | 50 (82.0) | 11 (18.0) | Unhappy | 9 (52.9) | 8 (47.1) | ||
Q5 (highest) | 49 (80.3) | 12 (19.7) | |||||
Satisfaction status | Suicide attempt | 0.255 (−0.068) | |||||
Healthcare services | 0.003 ** (−0.175) | Yes | 4 (57.1) | 3 (42.9) | |||
No | 240 (80.8) | 57 (19.2) | |||||
Dissatisfied | 20 (72.1) | 7 (27.9) | Health condition | ||||
Fair | 140 (75.3) | 46 (24.7) | Chronic disease | 0.062 † (−0.098) | |||
Satisfied | 84 (92.3) | 7 (7.7) | Yes | 16 (66.7) | 8 (33.3) | ||
No | 228 (81.4) | 52 (18.6) |
Variable | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted (Model I) OR 1 (95% CI) |
---|---|---|
Age | ||
<45 a | − | − |
45–65 | 1.95 (1.07–3.55) * | 1.87 (1.01–3.05) * |
>65 | 1.25 (0.34–4.69) | 1.37 (0.33–5.72) |
Chronic disease | ||
Yes | 2.32 (1.94–5.72) * | 2.35 (0.91–6.07) |
No a | − | − |
Satisfaction with healthcare services | ||
Dissatisfied | 4.12 (1.30–13.07) * | 3.87 (1.21–12.44) * |
Fair | 3.95 (1.70–9.18) ** | 3.87 (1.65–9.09) ** |
Satisfied a | − | − |
Variable | Adjusted (Model II) OR 1 (95% CI) | Nagelkerke R2 Change 2 |
---|---|---|
Poor vs. Good | ||
Smoking | +4% | |
Current vs. Never a | 2.57 (1.36–4.85) ** | |
Former vs. Never | 1.72 (0.42–7.07) | |
Drinking | +4.6% | |
Current vs. Never a | 2.28 (1.21–4.30) * | |
Former vs. Never | 0.348 (0.04–3.01) | |
Regular exercise | +4.1% | |
No vs. Yes a | 4.92 (1.16–17.71) * | |
Happiness level | ||
Moderate vs. Happy a | 1.62 (0.85–3.10) | +2.9% |
Unhappy vs. Happy | 3.88 (1.23–12.25) * |
Variable | Final Model OR (95% CI) 1 |
---|---|
Age | |
45–65 vs. <45 | 1.95 (1.01–3.76) * |
>65 vs. <45 | 1.79 (0.42–7.75) |
Chronic disease | |
Yes vs. No | 2.10 (0.68–6.48) |
Satisfaction with healthcare services | |
Dissatisfied vs. Satisfied | 3.66 (1.50–8.91) * |
Fair vs. Satisfied | 3.29 (0.96–11.26) |
Smoking | |
Current vs. Never | 2.19 (1.03–4.05) * |
Former vs. Never | 1.98 (0.45–8.64) |
Drinking | |
Current vs. Never | 1.60 (0.78–3.28) |
Former vs. Never | 0.23 (0.02–2.33) |
Regular exercise | |
No vs. Yes | 4.36 (1.06–15.30) * |
Happiness level | |
Moderate vs. Happy | 1.62 (0.83–3.15) |
Unhappy vs. Happy | 3.58 (1.06–12.08) * |
3. Results
3.1. Bivariate Analyses
3.2. “Unadjusted” Model and “Adjusted” Model (I) for the Adjustment Variables
3.3. “Adjusted” Model (II) for Health Behavior and Psychological Variables
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Files
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Freidoony, L.; Chhabi, R.; Kim, C.S.; Park, M.B.; Kim, C.-B. The Components of Self-Perceived Health in the Kailali District of Nepal: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 3215-3231. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120303215
Freidoony L, Chhabi R, Kim CS, Park MB, Kim C-B. The Components of Self-Perceived Health in the Kailali District of Nepal: A Cross-Sectional Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(3):3215-3231. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120303215
Chicago/Turabian StyleFreidoony, Leila, Ranabhat Chhabi, Chang Soo Kim, Myung Bae Park, and Chun-Bae Kim. 2015. "The Components of Self-Perceived Health in the Kailali District of Nepal: A Cross-Sectional Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 3: 3215-3231. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120303215