Effect of Length of Stay on Smoking among Turkish and Eastern European Immigrants in Germany—Interpretation in the Light of the Smoking Epidemic Model and the Acculturation Theory
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Study Sample
2.3. Outcome and Exposure Measures
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
Variable | Immigrants from Turkey (n = 3871 Observations) | Immigrants from Eastern Europe (n = 7202 Observations) | Non-Immigrants (n = 140,701 Observations) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
Age (in years) | Up to 30 | 614 | 15.9 | 1508 | 20.9 | 21,133 | 15.0 |
31–40 | 1415 | 36.5 | 1528 | 21.2 | 25,041 | 17.8 | |
41–50 | 721 | 18.6 | 1546 | 21.5 | 29,116 | 20.7 | |
51–60 | 565 | 14.6 | 1163 | 16.2 | 24,551 | 17.5 | |
61 and older | 556 | 14.4 | 1457 | 20.2 | 40,860 | 29.0 | |
Mean: 43.1 (SD: 13.2; range: 18–86) | Mean: 45.6 (SD: 16.4; range: 17–99) | Mean: 49.6 (SD: 17.0; range: 17–102) | |||||
Sex | Male | 2035 | 52.6 | 3185 | 44.2 | 67,096 | 47.7 |
Female | 1836 | 47.4 | 4017 | 55.8 | 73,605 | 52.3 | |
Marital Status | Married | 3470 | 89.6 | 5318 | 73.8 | 90,174 | 64.1 |
Single | 176 | 4.6 | 1117 | 15.5 | 30,261 | 21.5 | |
Other marital status | 225 | 5.8 | 767 | 10.7 | 20,266 | 14.4 | |
Annual net household income (in 1000 Euro) | Mean: 28.9 (SD: 16.2; range: 0–177.9) | Mean: 30.0 (SD: 16.8; range: 0–231.4) | Mean: 37.3 (SD: 32.7; range: 0–4282.0) | ||||
Labour force status | Working | 1908 | 49.3 | 4302 | 59.7 | 82,512 | 58.7 |
Unemployed | 433 | 11.2 | 565 | 7.9 | 6664 | 4.7 | |
Non-working | 1530 | 39.5 | 2335 | 32.4 | 51,525 | 36.6 | |
Education (in years) | Mean: 9.6 (SD: 2.1; range: 7–18) | Mean: 11.4 (SD: 2.3; range: 7–18) | Mean: 12.2 (SD: 2.6; range: 7–18) | ||||
Length of stay (in years) | 0–5 | 132 | 3.4 | 407 | 5.6 | not applicable | |
6–10 | 299 | 7.7 | 1764 | 24.5 | |||
11–15 | 356 | 9.2 | 1944 | 27.0 | |||
16–20 | 464 | 12.0 | 1325 | 18.4 | |||
21–25 | 674 | 17.4 | 705 | 9.8 | |||
26–30 | 862 | 22.23 | 297 | 4.1 | |||
31+ | 1084 | 28.0 | 760 | 10.6 | |||
Mean: 24.3 (SD: 9.7; range: 1–53) | Mean: 16.8 (SD: 10.7; range: 0–63) | ||||||
Smoking | No | 2348 | 60.7 | 5286 | 73.4 | 100,454 | 71.4 |
Yes | 1523 | 39.3 | 1916 | 26.6 | 40247 | 28.6 |
Covariate | Women from Turkey | Men from Turkey | Women from Eastern Europe | Men from Eastern Europe | Non-Immigrant Women | Non-Immigrant Men | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
Length of stay (in years) | 1.14 *** | (1.06, 1.21) | 0.96 | (0.90, 1.02) | 1.03 | (0.99, 1.08) | 0.98 | (0.94, 1.02) | - | - | - | - |
Up to 30 years | ref. | - | ref. | - | ref. | - | ref. | - | ref. | - | ref. | - |
31–40 years | 0.45 | (0.20, 1.01) | 1.89 | (0.88, 4.03) | 0.70 | (0.38, 1.30) | 0.86 | (0.43, 1.74) | 0.83 * | (0.69, 1.00) | 0.95 | (0.79, 1.15) |
41–50 years | 0.28 * | (0.08, 0.91) | 1.07 | (0.36, 3.23) | 0.50 | (0.23, 1.12) | 0.56 | (0.23, 1.36) | 0.56 *** | (0.45, 0.71) | 0.62 *** | (0.49, 0.79) |
51–60 years | 0.05 *** | (0.01, 0.21) | 0.18 * | (0.04, 0.77) | 0.20 *** | (0.08, 0.51) | 0.30 * | (0.10, 0.85) | 0.23 *** | (0.18, 0.30) | 0.24 *** | (0.18, 0.31) |
61 years and older | 0.02 *** | (0.00, 0.11) | 0.06 ** | (0.01, 0.34) | 0.03 *** | (0.01, 0.11) | 0.09 *** | (0.03, 0.31) | 0.04 *** | (0.03, 0.05) | 0.05 *** | (0.04, 0.07) |
Married | ref. | - | ref. | - | ref. | - | ref. | - | ref. | - | ref. | - |
Single | 0.58 | (0.09, 3.68) | 0.81 | (0.28, 2.35) | 3.27 ** | (1.52, 7.06) | 1.01 | (0.42, 2.41) | 2.68 *** | (2.19, 3.28) | 1.80 *** | (1.47, 2.22) |
Other marital status | 1.64 | (0.47, 5.69) | 3.16 | (0.67, 14.88) | 3.08 ** | (1.48, 6.41) | 2.69 | (0.83, 8.72) | 1.84 *** | (1.53, 2.22) | 2.56 *** | (2.07, 3.18) |
Working | ref. | - | ref. | - | ref. | - | ref. | - | ref. | - | ref. | - |
Unemployed | 1.04 | (0.41, 2.59) | 0.83 | (0.42, 1.62) | 1.36 | (0.67, 2.77) | 0.72 | (0.36, 1.46) | 0.86 | (0.70, 1.07) | 1.48 *** | (1.20, 1.82) |
Non-working | 0.34 ** | (0.18, 0.65) | 1.24 | (0.54, 2.88) | 0.65 | (0.40, 1.06) | 0.43 * | (0.22, 0.83) | 0.33 *** | (0.29, 0.38) | 0.46 *** | (0.39, 0.53) |
Education (in years) | 1.10 | (0.90, 1.35) | 0.92 | (0.77, 1.09) | 0.99 | (0.86, 1.12) | 0.82 * | (0.70, 0.96) | 0.75 *** | (0.72, 0.78) | 0.73 *** | (0.71, 0.76) |
Annual net household income (in 1000 Euro) | 1.00 | (0.98, 1.02) | 1.00 | (0.98, 1.01) | 0.98 ** | (0.96, 0.99) | 0.97 *** | (0.95, 0.99) | 0.99 *** | (0.99, 1.00) | 1.00 *** | (0.99, 1.00) |
Survey year: 1998 | ref. | - | ref. | - | ref. | - | ref. | - | ref. | - | ref. | - |
Survey year: 1999 | 1.35 | (0.61, 2.95) | 1.03 | (0.56, 1.89) | 1.70 | (0.79, 3.66) | 1.14 | (0.62, 2.11) | 1.31 ** | (1.09, 1.57) | 1.18 | (1.00, 1.40) |
Survey year: 2001 | 1.72 | (0.77, 3.83) | 0.96 | (0.50, 1.83) | 1.23 | (0.59, 2.56) | 0.84 | (0.46, 1.52) | 1.11 | (0.94, 1.32) | 0.95 | (0.80, 1.12) |
Survey year: 2002 | 3.15 ** | (1.37, 7.26) | 1.09 | (0.56, 2.15) | 1.53 | (0.73, 3.21) | 0.82 | (0.44, 1.53) | 1.21 * | (1.02, 1.44) | 1.00 | (0.85, 1.18) |
Survey year: 2004 | 2.00 | (.82, 4.90) | 0.72 | (0.34, 1.52) | 1.37 | (0.64, 2.94) | 0.75 | (0.39, 1.44) | 1.09 | (0.92, 1.30) | 0.81 * | (0.68, 0.95) |
Survey year: 2006 | 3.46 * | (1.33, 9.03) | 0.66 | (0.28, 1.51) | 1.59 | (0.73, 3.49) | 0.78 | (0.38, 1.56) | 0.97 | (0.81, 1.16) | 0.65 *** | (0.55, 0.77) |
Survey year: 2008 | 2.08 | (0.72, 6.01) | 0.33 * | (0.13, 0.87) | 1.04 | (0.45, 2.39) | 0.61 | (0.28, 1.32) | 0.71 *** | (0.59, 0.86) | 0.59 *** | (0.50, 0.71) |
Survey year: 2010 | 1.02 | (0.31, 3.38) | 0.56 | (0.19, 1.67) | 1.48 | (0.62, 3.53) | 0.90 | (0.39, 2.08) | 0.78 * | (0.64, 0.95) | 0.57 *** | (0.47, 0.68) |
Survey year: 2012 | 0.53 | (0.13, 2.20) | 0.27 * | (0.08, 0.95) | 1.31 | (0.54, 3.16) | 1.00 | (0.41, 2.46) | 0.82 | (0.67, 1.01) | 0.50 *** | (0.42, 0.61) |
Constant | 0.00 *** | (0.00, 0.03) | 19.24 ** | (2.07, 178.83) | 0.01 *** | (0.00, 0.03) | 13.17 ** | (1.86, 93.04) | 0.71 | (0.42, 1.21) | 6.94 *** | (4.17, 11.55) |
Rho (intraclass correlation) | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.91 | 0.89 | 0.94 | 0.93 | ||||||
Log likelihood | −585.33 | −820.62 | −1101.46 | −1277.19 | −21,083.70 | −22,342.91 | ||||||
Persons | 393 | 435 | 1118 | 891 | 17,678 | 16,333 | ||||||
Observations | 1836 | 2035 | 4017 | 3185 | 73,605 | 67,096 |
Variable | Women from Turkey 1 | Men from Turkey 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SPR | 95% CI | SPR | 95% CI | ||
Length of stay (in years) | 0–5 | 0.25 | (0.10–0.57) | 1.67 | (1.22–2.26) |
6–10 | 0.40 | (0.26–0.61) | 1.67 | (1.38–2.02) | |
11–15 | 0.61 | (0.46–0.82) | 1.49 | (1.20–1.84) | |
16–20 | 0.84 | (0.65–1.08) | 1.38 | (1.16–1.64) | |
21–25 | 0.87 | (0.71–1.08) | 1.48 | (1.29–1.70) | |
26–30 | 1.02 | (0.84–1.23) | 1.49 | (1.31–1.69) | |
31+ | 1.25 | (1.06–1.48) | 1.38 | (1.23–1.56) | |
Women from Eastern Europe 1 | Men from Eastern Europe 2 | ||||
SPR | 95% CI | SPR | 95% CI | ||
Length of stay (in years) | 0–5 | 0.71 | (0.54–0.94) | 1.16 | (0.92–1.46) |
6–10 | 0.59 | (0.51–0.69) | 1.17 | (1.06–1.30) | |
11–15 | 0.69 | (0.60–0.79) | 1.06 | (0.96–1.18) | |
16–20 | 0.77 | (0.65–0.90) | 0.90 | (0.78–1.04) | |
21–25 | 0.75 | (0.60–0.94) | 0.95 | (0.77–1.17) | |
26–30 | 0.99 | (0.72–1.35) | 1.24 | (0.91–1.70) | |
31+ | 1.14 | (0.94–1.40) | 1.04 | (0.85–1.28) |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reiss, K.; Schunck, R.; Razum, O. Effect of Length of Stay on Smoking among Turkish and Eastern European Immigrants in Germany—Interpretation in the Light of the Smoking Epidemic Model and the Acculturation Theory. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 15925-15936. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215030
Reiss K, Schunck R, Razum O. Effect of Length of Stay on Smoking among Turkish and Eastern European Immigrants in Germany—Interpretation in the Light of the Smoking Epidemic Model and the Acculturation Theory. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(12):15925-15936. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215030
Chicago/Turabian StyleReiss, Katharina, Reinhard Schunck, and Oliver Razum. 2015. "Effect of Length of Stay on Smoking among Turkish and Eastern European Immigrants in Germany—Interpretation in the Light of the Smoking Epidemic Model and the Acculturation Theory" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 12: 15925-15936. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215030