Applying Rank Sum Ratio (RSR) to the Evaluation of Feeding Practices Behaviors, and Its Associations with Infant Health Risk in Rural Lhasa, Tibet
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data and Survey Design
2.2. Ethics
2.3. Feeding Practices Index
Number of Classification | Percentile of RSR | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 | <15.866 | 15.866~ | 84.134~ | ||||
4 | <6.681 | 6.681~ | 50~ | 93.319 | |||
5 | <3.593 | 3.593~ | 27.425~ | 72.575~ | 96.407~ | ||
6 | <2.275 | 2.275~ | 15.866~ | 50~ | 84.134~ | 97.725~ | |
7 | <1.168 | 1.618~ | 10.027~ | 33.360~ | 67.003~ | 89.973~ | 98.352~ |
2.4. Infant Health Status
Variables | 0–5.99 Months | 6–8.99 Months | 9–11.99 Months | ≥12 Months |
---|---|---|---|---|
Breastfeeding | No = 0; Yes = 1 | No = 0; Yes = 1 | No = 0; Yes = 1 | No = 0; Yes = 1 |
Still breastfeeding | No = 0; Yes = 1 | No = 0; Yes = 1 | No = 0; Yes = 1 | No = 0; Yes = 1 |
Beginning breastfeeding (h) | time: 0 → Max | time: 0 → Max | time: 0 → Max | time: 0 → Max |
value: 1 → 0 | value: 1 → 0 | value: 1 → 0 | value: 1 → 0 | |
Breast milk is enough or not (in 4 months after birth ) | No = 0; Yes = 1 | Early introduction = 0; Yes = 1 | Early introduction = 0; Late introduction = 0; Recommended introduction = 1 | Early introduction = 0; Late introduction = 0; Recommended introduction = 1 |
Introduced complementary food b | No = 1; Early introduction = 0 | Early introduction = 0; Yes = 1 | Early introduction = 0; | Early introduction = 0; |
Late introduction = 0; | Late introduction = 0; | |||
Recommended introduction = 1 | Recommended introduction = 1 | |||
Frequency of added complementary food c | No = 6; ≤1 time/month = 5; | ≤1 time/month = 0; | ≤1 time/month = 0; | ≤1 time/month = 0; |
2–3 times/month = 4; | 2–3 times/month = 1; | 2–3 times/month = 1; | 2–3 times/month = 1; | |
>3 times/month = 3; | >3 times/month = 2; | >3 times/month = 2; | >3 times/month = 2; | |
≤1 time/week = 2; | ≤1 time/week = 3; | ≤1 time/week = 3; | ≤1 time/week = 3; | |
2–3 times/week = 1; | 2–3 times/week = 4; | 2–3 times/week = 4; | 2–3 times/week = 4; | |
>3 times/week = 0; | >3 times/week = 5; | >3 times/week = 5; | >3 times/week = 5; |
2.5. Quality Control
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Characteristic | n (%) |
---|---|
Infant age, months | |
0–5.99 | 60 (15.5) |
6–8.99 | 46 (11.9) |
9–11.99 | 39 (10.1) |
≥12 | 241 (62.4) |
Gender | |
Boys | 196 (50.8) |
Girls | 190 (49.2) |
Rank of infant in each household | |
1 | 225 (58.3) |
2 | 140 (36.3) |
≥3 | 21 (5.4) |
Infants’ feeding pattern for 4 months | |
Almost exclusive breastfeeding | 3 (0.8) |
Partial breastfeeding | 339 (87.8) |
Weaning | 44 (11.4) |
Infant feeding index | |
Dichotomy | |
No qualified | 323 (83.7) |
Qualified | 63 (16.3) |
Tripartite | |
Poor | 60 (15.5) |
Medium | 263 (68.1) |
Good | 63 (16.3) |
Maternal educational years | |
<1 | 122 (31.6) |
1–8 | 183 (47.4) |
≥9 | 81 (21.0) |
Maternal occupation | |
Farming and animal husbandry only | 277 (72.1) |
Others | 109 (28.2) |
Paternal educational years | |
<1 | 92 (23.8) |
1–8 | 198 (51.3) |
≥9 | 96 (24.9) |
Paternal occupation | |
Farming and animal husbandry only | 225 (58.3) |
Others | 161 (41.7) |
Family size | Median (25th%–75th%) |
5 (4–7) |
Categories of Infant Feeding Index | p | ||
---|---|---|---|
Not Qualified | Qualified | ||
Acute upper respiratory infection | |||
Two week prevalence (%) | 26.6 | 20.6 | 0.32 a |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 0.72 (0.37–1.38) | 0.20 |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) b | 1.00 (reference) | 0.56 (0.23–1.36) | 0.20 |
Prevalence (%) | 70.6 | 36.5 | <0.01 a |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 0.24 (0.14–0.42) | <0.001 |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) b | 1.00 (reference) | 0.43 (0.20–0.94) | 0.03 |
Diarrhea | |||
Two week prevalence (%) | 18.0 | 22.2 | 0.43 a |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.31 (0.68–2.52) | 0.43 |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) b | 1.00 (reference) | 1.24 (0.49–3.15) | 0.65 |
Prevalence (%) | 62.9 | 41.3 | 0.001 a |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 0.42 (0.24–0.72) | 0.002 |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) b | 1.00 (reference) | 0.73 (0.34–1.56) | 0.42 |
Categories of Infant Feeding Index | ptrend | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Poor | Medium | Good | ||
Acute upper respiratory infection | ||||
Two weeks prevalence (%) | 31.7 | 25.5 | 20.6 | 0.16 a |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 0.74 (0.40–1.36) | 0.56 (0.25–1.28) | 0.16 |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) b | 1.00 (reference) | 0.78 (0.42–1.47) | 0.46 (0.16–1.28) | 0.16 |
Prevalence (%) | 65.0 | 71.9 | 36.5 | 0.0007 a |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.38 (0.76–2.49) | 0.31 (0.15–0.65) | <0.001 |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) b | 1.00 (reference) | 1.45 (0.79–2.67) | 0.60 (0.24–1.53) | 0.57 |
Diarrhea | ||||
Two weeks prevalence (%) | 13.3 | 19.0 | 22.2 | 0.21 a |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.53 (0.68–3.42) | 1.86 (0.72–4.81) | 0.21 |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) b | 1.00 (reference) | 1.49 (0.66–3.38) | 1.77 (0.54–5.81) | 0.31 |
Prevalence (%) | 55.0 | 64.6 | 36.7 | 0.11 a |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.50 (0.85–2.64) | 0.56 (0.28–1.18) | 0.11 |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) b | 1.00 (reference) | 1.42 (0.79–2.55) | 1.00 (0.40–2.48) | 0.73 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
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Wang, Z.; Dang, S.; Xing, Y.; Li, Q.; Yan, H. Applying Rank Sum Ratio (RSR) to the Evaluation of Feeding Practices Behaviors, and Its Associations with Infant Health Risk in Rural Lhasa, Tibet. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 15173-15181. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121214976
Wang Z, Dang S, Xing Y, Li Q, Yan H. Applying Rank Sum Ratio (RSR) to the Evaluation of Feeding Practices Behaviors, and Its Associations with Infant Health Risk in Rural Lhasa, Tibet. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(12):15173-15181. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121214976
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Zhenjie, Shaonong Dang, Yuan Xing, Qiang Li, and Hong Yan. 2015. "Applying Rank Sum Ratio (RSR) to the Evaluation of Feeding Practices Behaviors, and Its Associations with Infant Health Risk in Rural Lhasa, Tibet" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 12: 15173-15181. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121214976