Effect of Shisha (Waterpipe) Smoking on Lung Functions and Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) among Saudi Young Adult Shisha Smokers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Subjects and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Exclusion Criteria
2.3. Methods: Lung Function Test (Spirometry)
2.4. Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO)
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
Parameters | Shisha Group (n = 73) | Control Group (n = 73) | p Values |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 21.54 ± 0.41 | 21.36 ± 0.19 years | 0.697 |
Height (cm) | 172.68 ± 0.76 | 173.71 ± 1.03 cm | 0.427 |
Weight (kg) | 76.26 ± 2.39 | 72.84 ± 1.48 kg | 0.227 |
FVC (L) | 5.76 ± 0.21 | 5.54 ± 0.11 | 0.351 |
FEV1 (L) | 3.80 ± 0.12 | 4.49 ± 0.073 | 0.0001 |
FEV1//FVC (%) | 69.34 ± 1.87 | 82.83 ± 1.29 | 0.0001 |
FEF-25% (L/sec) | 6.04 ± 0.25 | 6.93 ± 0.18 | 0.005 |
FEF-50% (L/sec) | 3.13 ± 0.19 | 5.25 ± 0.17 | 0.0001 |
FEF-75% (L/sec) | 1.13 ± 0.13 | 2.56 ± 0.13 | 0.0001 |
FEF-25-75% (L/sec) | 6.86 ± 2.23 | 4.53 ± 0.19 | 0.293 |
FEF-75-85% (L/sec) | 1.21 ± 0.24 | 1.91 ± 0.11 | 0.010 |
PEF (L/sec) | 7.29 ± 0.22 | 7.32 ± 0.18 | 0.895 |
Parameters | Shisha Group | Control Group | p Values |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 21.54 ± 0.41 | 21.36 ± 0.19 | 0.697 |
Height (cm) | 172.68 ± 0.76 | 173.71 ± 1.03 | 0.427 |
Weight (kg) | 76.26 ± 2.39 | 72.84 ± 1.48 | 0.227 |
FeNO (ppb) | 23.97 ± 2.12 | 31.38 ± 2.38 | 0.022 |
4. Discussion
4.1. Main Findings
4.2. Lung Function Tests
4.3. Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO)
4.4. What This Study Adds
4.5. Study Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Meo, S.A.; AlShehri, K.A.; AlHarbi, B.B.; Barayyan, O.R.; Bawazir, A.S.; Alanazi, O.A.; Al-Zuhair, A.R. Effect of Shisha (Waterpipe) Smoking on Lung Functions and Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) among Saudi Young Adult Shisha Smokers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 9638-9648. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110909638
Meo SA, AlShehri KA, AlHarbi BB, Barayyan OR, Bawazir AS, Alanazi OA, Al-Zuhair AR. Effect of Shisha (Waterpipe) Smoking on Lung Functions and Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) among Saudi Young Adult Shisha Smokers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(9):9638-9648. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110909638
Chicago/Turabian StyleMeo, Sultan Ayoub, Khaled Ahmed AlShehri, Bader Bandar AlHarbi, Omar Rayyan Barayyan, Abdulrahman Salem Bawazir, Omar Abdulmohsin Alanazi, and Ahmed Raad Al-Zuhair. 2014. "Effect of Shisha (Waterpipe) Smoking on Lung Functions and Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) among Saudi Young Adult Shisha Smokers" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 9: 9638-9648. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110909638