Life Gain in Italian Smokers Who Quit
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Statistical Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Results
Men | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Cigarettes smoked per day, n | Age at cessation, years | |||
25–34 | 35–44 | 45–54 | 55–64 | |
1–9 | 4 (48) | 3 (38) | 3 (29) | 2 (21) |
10–19 | 7 (46) | 7 (36) | 6 (27) | 5 (19) |
>20 | 9 (45) | 8 (35) | 7 (26) | 6 (18) |
Women | ||||
Cigarettes smoked per day, n | Age at cessation, years | |||
25–34 | 35–44 | 45–54 | 55–64 | |
1–9 | 3 (52) | 3 (43) | 3 (33) | 2 (24) |
10–19 | 5 (51) | 5 (41) | 4 (32) | 3 (23) |
>20 | 6 (50) | 6 (41) | 5 (31) | 4 (22) |
3.2. Comparison with Previous Studies
3.3. Gender Related Differences
3.4. Clinical Implications
3.5. Limits and Strengths
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- The Health Benefits of Smoking Cessation. Available online: http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/NN/B/B/C/V/_/nnbbcv.pdf (accessed on 8 January 2014).
- World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2011: Warning about the Dangers of Tobacco; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease: A Report of the Surgeon General; U.S. HHS, Office on Smoking and Health: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2010.
- Doll, R.; Peto, R.; Boreham, J.; Sutherland, I. Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years’ observations on male British doctors. Brit. Med. J. 2004, 328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pirie, K.; Peto, R.; Reeves, G.K.; Green, J.; Beral, V. The 21st century hazards of smoking and benefits of stopping: A prospective study of one million women in the UK. Lancet 2012, 381, 133–141. [Google Scholar]
- Taylor, D.H.; Hasselblad, V.; Henley, S.J.; Thun, M.J.; Sloan, F.A. Benefits of smoking cessation for longevity. Am. J. Public Health 2002, 92, 990–996. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jha, P.; Ramasundarahettige, C.; Landsman, V.; Rostron, B.; Thun, M.; Anderson, R.N.; McAfee, T.; Peto, R. 21st-century hazards of smoking and benefits of cessation in the United States. New Engl. J. Med. 2013, 368, 341–350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thun, M.J.; Carter, B.D.; Feskanich, D.; Freedman, N.D.; Prentice, R.; Lopez, A.D.; Hartge, P.; Gapstur, S.M. 50-year trends in smoking-related mortality in the United States. New Engl. J. Med. 2013, 368, 351–364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vollset, S.E.; Tverdal, A.; Gjessing, H.K. Smoking and deaths between 40 and 70 years of age in women and men. Ann. Int. Med. 2006, 144, 381–389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sakata, R.; McGale, P.; Grant, E.J.; Ozasa, K.; Peto, R.; Darby, S.C. Impact of smoking on mortality and life expectancy in Japanese smokers: A prospective cohort study. BMJ 2012, 345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Demography in figures. Available online: http://demo.istat.it/ (accessed on 8 January 2014).
- Multipurpose Surveys 1986–2009. Available online: http://www.istat.it (accessed on 8 January 2014).
- Il Fumo in Italia - 2009. Available online: http://www.iss.it/fumo (accessed on 8 January 2014).
- Burns, D.M.; Shanks, T.G.; Choi, W.; Thun, J.M.; Heath, C.W.; Garfinkel, L. The American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study I: 12-year Follow-up of 1 Million Men and Women. In Smoking and Tobacco Control. Monograph No. 8: Changes in Cigarette-Related Risks and Their Implications for Prevention and Control; Burns, D.M., Garfinkel, L., Samet, J., Eds.; National Cancer Institute: Bethesda, MD, USA, 1997; pp. 383–475. [Google Scholar]
- Thun, M.J.; Myers, D.G.; Day-Lally, C.; Namboodiri, M.M.; Calle, E.E.; Flanders, W.D.; Adams, S.L.; Heath, C.W. Age and the Exposure-response Relationships between Cigarette Smoking and Premature Death in Cancer Prevention Study II. In Smoking and Tobacco Control. Monograph No. 8: Changes in Cigarette-Related Risks and Their Implications for Prevention and Control; Burns, D.M., Garfinkel, L., Samet, J., Eds.; National Cancer Institute: Bethesda, MD, USA, 1997; pp. 383–475. [Google Scholar]
- Woloshin, S.; Schwartz, L.M.; Welch, H.G. The risk of death by age, sex, and smoking status in the United States: Putting health risks in context. J. Natl. Canc. Inst. 2008, 100, 845–853. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bjartveit, K.; Tverdal, A. Health consequences of smoking 1–4 cigarettes per day. Tob. Control. 2005, 14, 315–320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gorini, G.; Carreras, G.; Allara, E.; Faggiano, F. Decennial trends of social differences in smoking habits in Italy: A 30-year update. Cancer Cause Control 2013, 24, 1385–1391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoogenveen, R.T.; van Baal, P.H.; Boshuizen, H.C.; Feenstra, T.L. Dynamic effects of smoking cessation on disease incidence, mortality and quality of life: The role of time since cessation. Cost Eff. Res. Alloc. 2008, 6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- I- Fumo in Italia - 2013. Available online: http://www.iss.it/fumo (accessed on 8 January 2014).
- Ulrik, C.S. Smoking and Mortality in Women: “Smoke Like A Man, Die (at Last) Like A Man”. In Respiratory Diseases in Women. European Respiratory Monograph; Buist, S., Mapp, C.E., Eds.; the European Respiratory Journal Ltd.: Kremlin Bicetre, France, 2003; pp. 103–117. [Google Scholar]
- Carreras, G.; Gallus, S.; Iannucci, L.; Gorini, G. Estimating the probabilities of making a smoking quit attempt in Italy: Stall in smoking cessation levels, 1986–2009. BMC Public Health 2012, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carreras, G.; Gorini, G.; Gallus, S.; Iannucci, L.; Levy, D.T. Predicting the future prevalence of cigarette smoking in Italy over the next three decades. Eur. J. Public Health 2012, 22, 699–704. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cosci, F.; Corlando, A.; Fornai, E.; Pistelli, F.; Paoletti, P.; Carrozzi, L. Nicotine dependence, psychological distress and personality traits as possible predictors of smoking cessation. Results of a double-blind study with nicotine patch. Addict. Behav. 2009, 34, 28–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pistelli, F.; Aquilini, F.; Carrozzi, L. Weight gain after smoking cessation. Monaldi. Arch. Chest. Dis. 2009, 71, 81–87. [Google Scholar]
- Carrozzi, L.; Pistelli, F.; Viegi, G. Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation. Ther. Adv. Respir. Dis. 2008, 2, 301–317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fiore, M.C.; Jaen, C.R.; Baker, T.B.; Bailey, W.C.; Benowitz, N.L.; Curry, S.J. Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update. Clinical Practice Guideline; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service: Rockville, MD, USA, 2011.
- Gallus, S.; Muttarak, R.; Franchi, M.; Pacifici, R.; Colombo, P.; Boffetta, P.; La Vecchia, C. Why do smokers quit? Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 2013, 22, 96–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Istituto Superiore di Sanita. Fumo E Patologie Respiratorie. Le Carte Del Rischio Per Broncopneumopatia Cronica Ostruttiva E Tumore Al Polmone. 2004. Available online: http://www.iss.it/binary/fumo/cont/carte_del_rischio_BPCO_e_TaP.pdf (accessed on 8 January 2014).
- Parkes, G.; Greenhalgh, T.; Griffin, M.; Dent, R. Effect on smoking quit rate of telling patients their lung age: The Step2quit randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2008, 336, 598–600. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gallus, S.; Muttarak, R.; Martinez-Sanchez, J.M.; Zuccaro, P.; Colombo, P.; La Vecchia, C. Smoking prevalence and smoking attributable mortality in Italy, 2010. Prev. Med. 2011, 52, 434–438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Share and Cite
Carrozzi, L.; Falcone, F.; Carreras, G.; Pistelli, F.; Gorini, G.; Martini, A.; Viegi, G. Life Gain in Italian Smokers Who Quit. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 2395-2406. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110302395
Carrozzi L, Falcone F, Carreras G, Pistelli F, Gorini G, Martini A, Viegi G. Life Gain in Italian Smokers Who Quit. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(3):2395-2406. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110302395
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarrozzi, Laura, Franco Falcone, Giulia Carreras, Francesco Pistelli, Giuseppe Gorini, Andrea Martini, and Giovanni Viegi. 2014. "Life Gain in Italian Smokers Who Quit" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 3: 2395-2406. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110302395