An Upscaling Method for Cover-Management Factor and Its Application in the Loess Plateau of China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Study Methods
2.2.1. Basis for the C-Factor Value Calculations at a Regional Scale
2.2.2. The C-factor Estimation Equation at a Regional Scale
Estimation of Rainfall Erosivity at a Regional Scale
Monthly Soil Loss Ratio Estimation at a Regional Scale
2.2.3. Data Sources
Precipitation Data
Soil Loss Ratio Data
Land Use/Land Cover Data
3. Results
3.1. Rainfall Erosivity at a Regional Scale
Algorithms | Prediction errors | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Root-mean-square | Average standardized error | Root-mean-square standardized | |
Ordinary | −8.742 | 870.4 | 1020 | 0.8824 |
Simple | 8.635 | 903 | 1109 | 0.8382 |
Universal | 2.376 | 207.1 | 264.3 | 0.8131 |
Disjunctive | −1.468 | 203.4 | 203.2 | 1.205 |
3.2. Soil Loss Ratios
3.2.1. Soil Loss Ratios for Farmland
Crop type | June | July | August | September | Other months |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wheat | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.50 | 0.23 |
Summer potato | 0.84 | 0.51 | 0.40 | 0.30 | 0.75 |
Maize | 0.45 | 0.40 | 0.39 | 0.41 | 0.59 |
Sorghum | 0.52 | 0.49 | 0.45 | 0.43 | 0.72 |
Millet | 0.54 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.93 |
Proso millet | 0.58 | 0.52 | 0.50 | 0.54 | 0.76 |
Autumn tuberous crop | 0.81 | 0.50 | 0.39 | 0.31 | 0.74 |
Buckwheat | 1.00 | 0.89 | 0.64 | 0.22 | 0.61 |
Other miscellaneous grains | 0.83 | 0.64 | 0.52 | 0.43 | 0.62 |
Soybean | 0.68 | 0.54 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.64 |
Economic crops | 0.49 | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.57 | 0.78 |
Other crops | 0.51 | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.47 | 0.66 |
Township | Farmland soil loss ratio | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
June | July | August | September | Other months | |
Zhuanyaowan Zhen | 0.58 | 0.51 | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.66 |
Gaoqiao Xiang | 0.55 | 0.49 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.65 |
Louping Xiang | 0.55 | 0.48 | 0.44 | 0.46 | 0.65 |
Yanhewan Zhen | 0.56 | 0.49 | 0.44 | 0.46 | 0.66 |
Zhaoan Zhen | 0.55 | 0.48 | 0.44 | 0.46 | 0.65 |
Wangyao Xiang | 0.55 | 0.49 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.66 |
Zhenwudong Zhen | 0.54 | 0.47 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 0.68 |
Jianhua Zhen | 0.54 | 0.47 | 0.43 | 0.46 | 0.62 |
Huaziping Zhen | 0.55 | 0.48 | 0.44 | 0.46 | 0.64 |
Liandaowan Xiang | 0.58 | 0.50 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.66 |
Pingqiao Zhen | 0.55 | 0.48 | 0.44 | 0.46 | 0.64 |
Wangjiawang Xiang | 0.56 | 0.49 | 0.44 | 0.46 | 0.65 |
3.2.2. Soil Loss Ratios for the Other Types of Land Cover
Land cover type | Soil loss ratio |
---|---|
Forest | 0.09 |
Shrubland | 0.22 |
Woodland | 0.15 |
Other timberland | 0.31 |
High-cover grassland | 0.12 |
Moderate-cover grassland | 0.18 |
Low-cover grassland | 0.32 |
Water body | 0.00 |
Residential and built-up land | 0.20 |
3.2.3. Soil Loss Ratios for Ansai County
3.3. The Cover-Management Factor at the County Scale
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zhao, W.; Fu, B.; Qiu, Y. An Upscaling Method for Cover-Management Factor and Its Application in the Loess Plateau of China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 4752-4766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10104752
Zhao W, Fu B, Qiu Y. An Upscaling Method for Cover-Management Factor and Its Application in the Loess Plateau of China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2013; 10(10):4752-4766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10104752
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Wenwu, Bojie Fu, and Yang Qiu. 2013. "An Upscaling Method for Cover-Management Factor and Its Application in the Loess Plateau of China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 10, no. 10: 4752-4766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10104752