Mouse Models for Efficacy Testing of Agents against Radiation Carcinogenesis — A Literature Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Research Strategy
2.2. Inclusion Criteria
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Radiation-Induced Leukemia
Malignancy | Mouse Strain | Age | Sex | Mode of Induction | Latency | Spontaneous Frequency | Induced Frequency | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Myeloid Leukemia | RF (RF/J, RFM) | 8 weeks | Male | 4.25 Gy | 4–12 months | 2–4% | 50–90% | [30] |
Myeloid Leukemia | SJL/J | 8–10 weeks | Female | 3–3.5 Gy | 12 months | 0 % | 10–30% | [31] |
Myeloid Leukemia | C3H/He | 8–10 weeks | Male | 2.84 Gy | 1.5–18 months | <1% | 25% | [34] |
Myeloid Leukemia | CBA (CBA/Ca, CBA/Cne, CBA/H) | 12–15 weeks | Male | 3 Gy | 18–24 months | <1% | ~25% | [32,33] |
3.1.1. RF Mouse
3.1.2. SJL/J Mouse
3.1.3. C3H Mouse
3.1.4. CBA Mouse
3.1.5. ML-Associated Molecular Pathologies
3.2. Radiation-Induced Lymphoma
Malignancy | Mouse Strain | Age | Sex | Mode of Induction | Latency | Spontaneous Frequency | Induced Frequency | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thymic Lymphoma | C57BL (C57BL/6, C57BL/6J) | 4–6 weeks | Male, Female | 4 fractions of~1.7 Gy once a week | 3–6 months | <1% | >90% | [116,119,120] |
Thymic Lymphoma | BALB/c (BALB/cHeA) | 4 weeks | Male, Female | 4 exposures ~1.7 Gy once a week for 4 weeks | 2.5–9.5 months | 5–6% females; 0% males | 77 % (Females) 86% (Males) | [112,117] |
Thymic Lymphoma | NFS | 4 weeks | Male, Female | 4 fractions ~1.7 Gy once a week for 4 weeks | 3–6 months | >1% within 12 months | 90% (females) 89% (males) | [121,122] |
3.2.1. C57BL Mouse
3.2.2. BALB/c Mouse
3.2.3. NFS Mouse
3.2.4. TL-Associated Molecular Pathologies
Mouse Strain | Malignancy | Molecular Pathology | Role in Cancer | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
RF; SJL/J; C3H/He; CBA | Myeloid Leukemia | Chr2 deletions: loss of PU.1/Sfpi1 on one chr2 copy; inactivation on the second copy | Oncogene and transcriptional regulator of myeloid promoters PU.1 suppression linked to leukemic transformation in mice and men | [80,81,82,88,89] |
C57BL | Thymic Lymphoma | –Trisomy of chr15: myc implicated | –Oncogene and transcription regulator of many cell events including apoptosis —Almost ubiquitous deregulation in Burkitt’s lymphoma | [131,132,133,134] |
Hybrids between C57BL/6, C3H, BALB/c, MSM, and RF/J, CBA, DBA, and the CTX | Thymic Lymphoma | Loss of Ikaros/Znf1a1 activity | Gene expression regulation and chromatin remodeling in hematopoietic differentiation One of the most clinically-relevant tumor suppressors in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) | [144,145] [121,150] |
Loss of BCL11B/Rit1 activity | Transcription factor and tumor suppressor Linked to T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) | [146,151,152] | ||
Loss of p73 activity | p53 family tumor suppressor Abrogated expression in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | [147,153,154] | ||
Loss of p19/ARF, p15/INK4b (Cdkn2b) and p16/INK4a (Cdkn2a) activity | Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors that restricT cell cycle progression at G1 Non-Hodgkin’s and Burkitt’s lymphomas | [142,148,149,155,156] |
3.3. Radiation-Induced Lung Cancer
Malignancy | Mouse Strain | Age | Sex | Mode of Induction | Latency | Spontaneous Frequency | Induced Frequency | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lung Cancer | C3H (C3H/HeSlc) | 6 weeks | Male | 2 fractions of 7.5 Gy to the thorax 12 h apart | 12 months | 3.5–9.5% | 40% | [190,191] |
Lung Cancer | RFM (RFM/Un) | 10–12 weeks | Female | 9 Gy to thorax | 9 months | ~28% | 87% | [193,194] |
Lung Cancer | BALB/c (BALB/c/An) | 12 weeks | Female | 2 Gy TBI | 12 months | ~12% | ~37% | [195,196] |
3.3.1. C3H Mouse
3.3.2. RF Mouse
3.3.3. BALB/c Mouse
3.3.4. Lung Cancer-Associated Molecular Pathologies
Mouse Strain | Malignancy | Molecular Pathology | Role in Cancer | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
B6CF1 | Lung Adenocarcinoma | —Rb deletions/point mutations | Tumor suppressor; cell cycle progression control from G1 to S —Inactivated in 90% small cell carcinomas | [207,217,218,219] |
—p53 deletions/point mutations | Tumor suppressor; cell cycle regulator and apoptosis inducer Deleted or mutated in 80% of primary lung tumors and other cancers | [209,212,213,214,215,216] | ||
—K-ras point mutations | Proto-oncogene; cell growth and differentiation Mutated RAS found in 20–30% of lung adenocarcinoma | [208,220,221,222] |
3.4. Radiation-Induced Breast Cancer
Malignancy | Mouse Strain | Age | Sex | Mode of Induction | Latency | Spontaneous Frequency | Induced Frequency | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Breast Cancer | BALB/c | 12 weeks | Female | 2.0 Gy exposure (TBI) | ~24 months | 8% | 22% | [235] |
Breast Cancer | BALB/c orthograft | 12 weeks | Female | 1.0 Gy TBI of donor cells | 10 weeks | <1% | * Dysplasia ~75% * Tumors ~25% | [236] |
Breast Cancer | BALB/c chimera | 12 weeks | Female | 4.0 Gy TBI of host | 6 weeks | ~19% | ~81% | [237,238,239,240] |
3.4.1. BALB/c Whole-Body Exposure Model
3.4.2. BALB/c Syngenic Transplant Model
3.4.3. Breast Cancer-Associated Molecular Pathologies
MouseStrain | Malignancy | Molecular Pathology | Role in Cancer | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
BALB/c | Mammary Adenocarcinoma | —Reduction or loss of Rb | Tumor suppressor; cell cycle progression control from G1 to S Inactivated in 90% small cell carcinomas | [235,258] |
—p53 mutation | Tumor suppressor; cell cycle regulator and apoptosis inducer Among the key mutations in breast cancer initiation | [235,250,257] | ||
—TGF-β expression | Cell cycle control; apoptosis; cell differentiation –Linked to pro-tumorigenic microenvironment | [245,251,252,253,254,255,256] |
4. Conclusions
References
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Rivina, L.; Schiestl, R. Mouse Models for Efficacy Testing of Agents against Radiation Carcinogenesis — A Literature Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 107-143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10010107
Rivina L, Schiestl R. Mouse Models for Efficacy Testing of Agents against Radiation Carcinogenesis — A Literature Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2013; 10(1):107-143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10010107
Chicago/Turabian StyleRivina, Leena, and Robert Schiestl. 2013. "Mouse Models for Efficacy Testing of Agents against Radiation Carcinogenesis — A Literature Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 10, no. 1: 107-143. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10010107