Mar. Drugs 2012, 10(8), 1883-1898; doi:10.3390/md10081883
Article

Induction of Apoptosis by 11-Dehydrosinulariolide via Mitochondrial Dysregulation and ER Stress Pathways in Human Melanoma Cells

Tzu-Rong Su 1,† email, Feng-Jen Tsai 2,† email, Jen-Jie Lin 3 email, Han Hsiang Huang 2 email, Chien-Chih Chiu 4 email, Jui-Hsin Su 5 email, Ya-Ting Yang 6 email, Jeff Yi-Fu Chen 4 email, Bing-Sang Wong 1 email and Yu-Jen Wu 2,* email
1 Antai Medical Care Cooperation Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung 92842, Taiwan 2 Department of Beauty Science, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan 3 Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan 4 Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80761, Taiwan 5 National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 94446, Taiwan 6 Chemistry Department, National Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 70, Lienhai Rd., Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan † These authors contributed equally to this work.
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 3 July 2012; in revised form: 6 August 2012 / Accepted: 14 August 2012 / Published: 22 August 2012
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Abstract: In this study the isolated compound 11-dehydrosinulariolide from soft coral Sinularia leptoclados possessed anti-proliferative, anti-migratory and apoptosis-inducing activities against A2058 melanoma cells. Anti-tumor effects of 11-dehydrosinulariolide were determined by MTT assay, cell migration assay and flow cytometry. Growth and migration of melanoma cells were dose-dependently inhibited by 2–8 μg/mL 11-dehydrosinulariolide. Flow cytometric data indicated that 11-dehydrosinulariolide induces both early and late apoptosis in melanoma cells. It was found that the apoptosis induced by 11-dehydrosinulariolide is relevant to mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis via caspase-dependent pathways, elucidated by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ym), release of cytochrome C, activation of caspase-3/-9 and Bax as well as suppression of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL. The cleavage of PARP-1 suggested partial involvement of caspase-independent pathways. Immunoblotting data displayed up-regulations of PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP and ATF6/CHOP coupling with elevation of ER stress chaperones GRP78, GRP94, calnexin, calreticulin and PDI, implicating the involvement of these factors in ER stress-mediated apoptosis induced by 11-dehydrosinulariolide. The abolishment of apoptotic events after pre-treatment with salubrinal indicated that ER stress-mediated apoptosis is also induced by 11-dehydrosinulariolide against melanoma cells. The data in this study suggest that 11-dehydrosinulariolide potentially induces apoptosis against melanoma cells via mitochondrial dysregulation and ER stress pathways.
Keywords: melanoma; 11-dehydrosinulariolide; mitochondrial dysregulation; ER stress

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Cite This Article

MDPI and ACS Style

Su, T.-R.; Tsai, F.-J.; Lin, J.-J.; Huang, H.H.; Chiu, C.-C.; Su, J.-H.; Yang, Y.-T.; Chen, J.-F.; Wong, B.-S.; Wu, Y.-J. Induction of Apoptosis by 11-Dehydrosinulariolide via Mitochondrial Dysregulation and ER Stress Pathways in Human Melanoma Cells. Mar. Drugs 2012, 10, 1883-1898.

AMA Style

Su T-R, Tsai F-J, Lin J-J, Huang HH, Chiu C-C, Su J-H, Yang Y-T, Chen J-F, Wong B-S, Wu Y-J. Induction of Apoptosis by 11-Dehydrosinulariolide via Mitochondrial Dysregulation and ER Stress Pathways in Human Melanoma Cells. Marine Drugs. 2012; 10(8):1883-1898.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Su, Tzu-Rong; Tsai, Feng-Jen; Lin, Jen-Jie; Huang, Han Hsiang; Chiu, Chien-Chih; Su, Jui-Hsin; Yang, Ya-Ting; Chen, Jeff Yi-Fu; Wong, Bing-Sang; Wu, Yu-Jen. 2012. "Induction of Apoptosis by 11-Dehydrosinulariolide via Mitochondrial Dysregulation and ER Stress Pathways in Human Melanoma Cells." Mar. Drugs 10, no. 8: 1883-1898.

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