A Polypyrrole-based Strain Sensor Dedicated to Measure Bladder Volume in Patients with Urinary Dysfunction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Techniques to Measure Bladder Volume
2.1. Pressure Sensors
2.2. Ultrasound Measurements
2.3. Bioelectric Impedance Measurement
2.4. Electroneurogram Measurements
3. Mathematical Methodology of Proposed Strain Sensors
A. Strain Sensor Basics
B. Biomechanics of the Urinary Bladder
C. Minimum Design Requirements for Bladder Volume Sensor
- A non-linear viscoelastic fabric with a Young's modulus equal or greater than that of bladder tissue (as seen in result section)
- High gauge factor and low threshold volumes of detection (G≥1)
- Biocompatible and non-cytotoxic. ( PPY is biocompatible)
- Easily implanted surgically with minimal sutures (Based on explanation in Fabrication section).
4. Fabrication and Characterization of Sensor
4.1. Polypyrrole deposition
4.2. Tensile Properties of Strain Sensor
4.3. In-Vitro Testing of Strain Sensor on Bladder Volume
5. Discussion and Future Work
5.1. In-vivo consecrations
5.2. Strain sensor practical issues
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Appendix A
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© 2008 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
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Rajagopalan, S.; Sawan, M.; Ghafar-Zadeh, E.; Savadogo, O.; Chodavarapu, V.P. A Polypyrrole-based Strain Sensor Dedicated to Measure Bladder Volume in Patients with Urinary Dysfunction. Sensors 2008, 8, 5081-5095. https://doi.org/10.3390/s8085081
Rajagopalan S, Sawan M, Ghafar-Zadeh E, Savadogo O, Chodavarapu VP. A Polypyrrole-based Strain Sensor Dedicated to Measure Bladder Volume in Patients with Urinary Dysfunction. Sensors. 2008; 8(8):5081-5095. https://doi.org/10.3390/s8085081
Chicago/Turabian StyleRajagopalan, Sumitra, Mohamad Sawan, Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh, Oumarou Savadogo, and Vamsy P. Chodavarapu. 2008. "A Polypyrrole-based Strain Sensor Dedicated to Measure Bladder Volume in Patients with Urinary Dysfunction" Sensors 8, no. 8: 5081-5095. https://doi.org/10.3390/s8085081