A Computational Framework for Data Fusion in MEMS-Based Cardiac and Respiratory Gating
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Acquisition and Experimental Protocol
2.2. MEMS-Based Chest Motion Processing
2.2.1. Rotational and Translational Cardiac Motion Fusion
2.2.2. Standalone Cardiac Cycle Segmentation
2.2.3. Decomposition of Chest Angular Movements
2.2.4. Chest-Derived Respiratory Motion Fusion
3. Results
3.1. Validation of Respiratory and Cardiac Data
3.1.1. ADR and GDR against Optical Camera (RPM)
3.1.2. Beat-to-Beat Estimation of the Cardiac Cycles and Related Cardiac Events
3.1.3. Estimation of the Breathing Cycles (Peak Inhalation and Exhalation)
3.2. Respiration Belt
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age (Year) | Height (cm) | Weight (kg) | BMI (kg/m) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dataset | Min–Max | Mean±SD | Min–Max | Mean±SD | Min–Max | Mean±SD | Min–Max | Mean±SD |
DS I | 27–39 | 32 ± 4.0 | 172–190 | 178 ± 6.0 | 60–120 | 88 ± 19.0 | 20–34.0 | 27.0 ± 5.0 |
DS II | 44–84 | 61 ± 10.0 | 153–200 | 176 ± 11.0 | 47–116 | 88 ± 17.0 | 22.4–32.5 | 28.8 ± 3.4 |
DS III | 23–38 | 28 ± 4.8 | 173–190 | 179 ± 5.0 | 65–85 | 75 ± 7.7 | 20.7–25.7 | 23.2 ± 1.5 |
Healthy Group Correlation) | Mean Trigger Offset (s) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subject | ADRy | ADRx | GDRy | GDRx | GDRz | PCA | |RPM-PCA| |
1 | 0.65 | 0.42 | 0.48 | 0.70 | 0.65 | 0.69 | 0.29 ± 0.17 |
2 | 0.52 | 0.79 | 0.87 | 0.47 | 0.52 | 0.86 | 0.20 ± 0.17 |
3 | 0.83 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.79 | 0.85 | 0.96 | 0.18 ± 0.13 |
4 | 0.91 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.91 | 0.73 | 0.93 | 0.12 ± 0.08 |
5 | 0.72 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.69 | 0.24 | 0.85 | 0.37 ± 0.19 |
6 | 0.68 | 0.80 | 0.81 | 0.72 | 0.76 | 0.85 | 0.20 ± 0.15 |
7 | 0.23 | 0.87 | 0.88 | 0.17 | 0.69 | 0.91 | 0.22 ± 0.16 |
average | 0.65 | 0.66 | 0.69 | 0.64 | 0.63 | 0.87 | 0.23 |
std | 0.20 | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.08 | 0.15 |
Diseased Group (Correlation) | Mean Trigger Offset (s) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subject | ADRy | ADRx | GDRy | GDRx | GDRz | PCA | |RPM-PCA| |
1 | 0.80 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.80 | 0.51 | 0.67 | 0.34 ± 0.20 |
2 | 0.92 | 0.76 | 0.79 | 0.94 | 0.81 | 0.91 | 0.28 ± 0.18 |
3 | 0.85 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.84 | 0.25 | 0.93 | 0.16 ± 0.19 |
4 | 0.65 | 0.55 | 0.48 | 0.44 | 0.84 | 0.81 | 0.33 ± 0.10 |
5 | 0.87 | 0.55 | 0.53 | 0.90 | 0.88 | 0.85 | 0.24 ± 0.20 |
6 | 0.08 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.41 | 0.27 ± 0.18 |
7 | 0.91 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.92 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.19 ± 0.13 |
8 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.69 | 0.23 ± 0.17 |
9 | 0.38 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.32 | 0.89 | 0.29 ± 0.16 |
10 | 0.56 | 0.02 | 0.26 | 0.69 | 0.58 | 0.88 | 0.33 ± 0.18 |
11 | 0.69 | 0.53 | 0.61 | 0.62 | 0.68 | 0.81 | 0.39 ± 0.19 |
12 | 0.28 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.56 | 0.72 | 0.78 | 0.30 ± 0.18 |
13 | 0.62 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.64 | 0.60 | 0.64 | 0.27 ± 0.18 |
14 | 0.33 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.34 | 0.13 | 0.35 | 0.47 ± 0.17 |
15 | 0.29 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.29 | 0.49 | 0.67 | 0.22 ± 0.14 |
16 | 0.72 | 0.63 | 0.61 | 0.71 | 0.33 | 0.79 | 0.18 ± 0.14 |
17 | 0.69 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.68 | 0.50 | 0.74 | 0.28 ± 0.19 |
18 | 0.11 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.07 | 0.16 | 0.58 | 0.33 ± 0.20 |
19 | 0.01 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 0.54 | 0.47 ± 0.18 |
average | 0.52 | 0.46 | 0.48 | 0.52 | 0.48 | 0.73 | 0.30 |
std | 0.31 | 0.28 | 0.26 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.17 | 0.17 |
ICA (Fusion) | Hilbert (Accelerometer) | Hilbert (Gyroscope) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subject ID | TPR | PPV | F1 | RMSE | TPR | PPV | F1 | RMSE | TPR | PPV | F1 | RMSE |
1 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 42.5 | 0.86 | 0.83 | 0.84 | 114.3 | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 118.0 |
2 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 49.6 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 51.6 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 43.5 |
3 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 63.0 | 0.87 | 0.86 | 0.87 | 44.0 | 0.81 | 0.80 | 0.81 | 154.8 |
4 | 0.94 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 107.5 | 0.87 | 0.88 | 0.88 | 60.9 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 142.6 |
5 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 33.5 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 51.1 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 36.9 |
6 | 0.81 | 0.79 | 0.80 | 42.2 | 0.45 | 0.41 | 0.43 | 160.9 | 0.71 | 0.62 | 0.66 | 114.0 |
7 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.95 | 39.4 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 94.8 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 71.9 |
8 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 35.5 | 0.83 | 0.67 | 0.75 | 104.1 | 0.85 | 0.67 | 0.75 | 68.1 |
9 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 44.0 | 0.91 | 0.76 | 0.83 | 251.5 | 0.88 | 0.74 | 0.80 | 255.2 |
10 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 16.9 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 25.5 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 5.6 |
11 | 0.95 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 38.0 | 0.93 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 75.6 | 0.92 | 0.94 | 0.93 | 76.6 |
12 | 0.98 | 0.70 | 0.81 | 91.2 | 0.99 | 0.77 | 0.87 | 81.1 | 0.99 | 0.77 | 0.87 | 47.3 |
13 | 0.91 | 0.97 | 0.94 | 57.9 | 0.88 | 0.92 | 0.90 | 30.0 | 0.92 | 0.96 | 0.94 | 33.7 |
14 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 53.7 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 74.3 | 0.92 | 0.93 | 0.92 | 162.7 |
15 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 16.6 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 31.0 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 20.1 |
16 | 0.76 | 0.82 | 0.79 | 98.2 | 0.55 | 0.50 | 0.52 | 138.1 | 0.69 | 0.61 | 0.65 | 110.0 |
17 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 24.0 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 66.3 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 11.5 |
18 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 87.7 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 20.4 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 52.3 |
19 | 0.92 | 0.94 | 0.93 | 168.3 | 0.89 | 0.88 | 0.88 | 125.7 | 0.90 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 87.3 |
average | 0.94 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 58.4 | 0.84 | 0.81 | 0.82 | 84.3 | 0.87 | 0.84 | 0.85 | 84.9 |
std | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 37.6 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 56.76 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 62.9 |
Healthy Subjects (ADR and Respiration Belt) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal Paced Breathing | Slow Paced Breathing | Fast Paced Breathing | |||||||
Subject | ADRx | ADRy | PCA | ADRx | ADRy | PCA | ADRx | ADRy | PCA |
1 | 0.48 | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.46 | 0.49 | 0.46 | 0.87 | 0.60 | 0.90 |
2 | 0.75 | 0.70 | 0.74 | 0.13 | 0.69 | 0.69 | 0.92 | 0.91 | 0.94 |
3 | 0.50 | 0.70 | 0.66 | 0.58 | 0.36 | 0.61 | 0.69 | 0.64 | 0.75 |
4 | 0.38 | 0.55 | 0.14 | 0.49 | 0.012 | 0.49 | 0.38 | 0.68 | 0.54 |
5 | 0.26 | 0.57 | 0.37 | 0.51 | 0.46 | 0.51 | 0.65 | 0.34 | 0.66 |
6 | 0.13 | 0.52 | 0.53 | 0.50 | 0.44 | 0.52 | 0.27 | 0.74 | 0.74 |
7 | 0.82 | 0.61 | 0.82 | 0.59 | 0.33 | 0.49 | 0.63 | 0.54 | 0.68 |
8 | 0.32 | 0.12 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.48 | 0.35 | 0.71 | 0.62 | 0.72 |
9 | 0.67 | 0.42 | 0.68 | 0.47 | 0.58 | 0.45 | 0.60 | 0.63 | 0.66 |
10 | 0.62 | 0.17 | 0.63 | 0.72 | 0.37 | 0.74 | 0.87 | 0.83 | 0.87 |
11 | 0.63 | 0.15 | 0.42 | 0.67 | 0.56 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.60 | 0.79 |
12 | 0.37 | 0.63 | 0.69 | 0.65 | 0.40 | 0.66 | 0.67 | 0.57 | 0.67 |
average | 0.49 | 0.45 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.43 | 0.55 | 0.66 | 0.64 | 0.74 |
std | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.12 |
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Jafari Tadi, M.; Lehtonen, E.; Teuho, J.; Koskinen, J.; Schultz, J.; Siekkinen, R.; Koivisto, T.; Pänkäälä, M.; Teräs, M.; Klén, R. A Computational Framework for Data Fusion in MEMS-Based Cardiac and Respiratory Gating. Sensors 2019, 19, 4137. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194137
Jafari Tadi M, Lehtonen E, Teuho J, Koskinen J, Schultz J, Siekkinen R, Koivisto T, Pänkäälä M, Teräs M, Klén R. A Computational Framework for Data Fusion in MEMS-Based Cardiac and Respiratory Gating. Sensors. 2019; 19(19):4137. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194137
Chicago/Turabian StyleJafari Tadi, Mojtaba, Eero Lehtonen, Jarmo Teuho, Juho Koskinen, Jussi Schultz, Reetta Siekkinen, Tero Koivisto, Mikko Pänkäälä, Mika Teräs, and Riku Klén. 2019. "A Computational Framework for Data Fusion in MEMS-Based Cardiac and Respiratory Gating" Sensors 19, no. 19: 4137. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194137