Aboveground Deadwood Deposition Supports Development of Soil Yeasts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Sampling and Isolation of Yeasts
Sample | Plot ID | Wood Logs | pH | DOC (mg/L) | Corg(%) | Total N (%) | Remaining mass of original stem (%) | Stem length (m) | Stem diam. (foot) (cm) | Brown rot fungi | White rot fungi |
8270 | AEW1 | Fagus sylvatica | 4.7 | 251.84 | 6.97 | 0.42 | 65.06 | 3.25 | 22.0 | No | Yes |
8271 | AEW1 | Picea abies | 4.6 | 348.35 | 11.57 | 0.62 | 70.46 | 11.25 | 25.0 | Yes | Yes |
8273 | AEW1 | Picea abies | 4.1 | 280.27 | 5.48 | 0.31 | 80.81 | 13.25 | 28.0 | Yes | Yes |
8820 | AEW2 | Picea abies | 5.3 | 250.49 | 9.29 | 0.55 | 53.13 | 15.30 | 34.0 | No | Yes |
8822 | AEW2 | Picea abies | 5.0 | 300.13 | 10.95 | 0.50 | 36.26 | 1.90 | 27.0 | No | Yes |
8279 | AEW3 | Picea abies | 4.2 | 247.97 | 5.40 | 0.35 | 64.30 | 13.10 | 21.5 | Yes | Yes |
8280 | AEW3 | Fagus sylvatica | 3.7 | 240.00 | 7.04 | 0.51 | 60.03 | 9.80 | 24.0 | Yes | Yes |
8281 | AEW3 | Picea abies | 4.8 | 291.20 | 9.96 | 0.57 | 57.96 | 16.10 | 23.0 | Yes | Yes |
8282 | AEW3 | Fagus sylvatica | 5.3 | 296.56 | 14.10 | 0.78 | 98.89 | 3.25 | 23.0 | No | Yes |
8270 | AEW1 | 4.1 | 216.65 | 6.23 | 0.39 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | |
8271 | AEW1 | 3.7 | 302.65 | 10.40 | 0.53 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | |
8273 | AEW1 | 3.9 | 241.67 | 5.10 | 0.30 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | |
8820 | AEW2 | 5.2 | 240.4 | 8.45 | 0.50 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | |
8822 | AEW2 | 4.9 | 331.24 | 19.41 | 0.78 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | |
8279 | AEW3 | 4.5 | 198.00 | 6.10 | 0.40 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | |
8280 | AEW3 | 5.1 | 168.52 | 6.13 | 0.50 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | |
8281 | AEW3 | 5.5 | 260.43 | 8.01 | 0.52 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | |
8282 | AEW3 | 5.5 | 311.3 | 13.7 | 0.80 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
2.2. Isolation of Cultures
2.3. Identification of the Strains
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Yeast Species Inventory
Identification results | Taxon example | GenBank | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strain ID | Collection ID | ITS | LSU | Closest match * | |
Aureobasidium pullulans | TSN-43 | - | FR716139 | - | 0/0 FJ150906 |
Candida cretensis | TSN-5 | CBS 11766 | - | FN824503 | 10/0 EU011654 |
C. zeylanoides | TSN-95 | - | HF558653 | FR716579 | 2/0 AY498861 |
Candida sp. CBS 7170 | TSN-36 | CBS 11767 | - | FN824506 | 0/0 AY574389 |
Candida sp. CBS 11766 | TSN-95-1 | CBS 11778 | - | FN908211 | 1/0 AY497688 |
Cryptococcus aerius | TSN-77 TSN-82 | CBS 11764 CBS 12340 | JN942234 JN942257 | FN824504 FR716581 | 2/2 AF181524 1/0 AF181544 |
Cr. filicatus | TSN-98 | MUCL 52894 | FN908210 | FN908210 | 0/0 EU433984 |
Cr. musci | TSN-91 | CBS 11765 | FN824491 | FN824491 | 0/0 AB126586 |
Cr. podzolicus | TSN-16 TSN-41 TSN-23 | CBS 12385 CBS 12341 CBS 12388 | HF558650 HF558651 HF558652 | HF558650 HF558651 HF558652 | 1/0 AF075481 1/0 AF075481 2/0 AF075481 |
Cr. ramirezgomezianus | TSN-95-14 | - | HF558654 | HF558654 | 0/0 AB126584 |
Cr. stepposus | TSN-64 | CBS 11763 | FN824490 | FN824490 | 0/0 DQ222456 |
Cr. tephrensis | TSN-4 | - | - | FR716587 | 0/0 CBS 8934 |
Cr. terricola | TSN-101 | - | HF558655 | HF558655 | 0/0 AF181520 |
Cr. victoriae | TSN-53 TSN-84 | CBS 12045 - | HF558648 HF558649 | FR716585 FR716586 | 4/0 AF363647 0/0 AF363647 |
Cystofilobasidium capitatum | TSN-59 | - | HF558659 | FR716589 | 0/0 AF406889 |
Cy. macerans | TSN-58 | - | HF558660 | FR716588 | 1/0 AF075477 |
Kazachstania piceae | TSN-26 | - | HF558661 | FR716594 | 2/0 CBS 7738 |
Phaffia sp. CBS 11768 | TSN-67 | CBS 11768 | HF558647 | HF558647 | 56/3 AF189871 |
Rhodotorula colostri | TSN-60 | - | HF558663 | FR716590 | 0/0 AY372177 |
R. fujisanensis | TSN-63 | - | HF558662 | FR716591 | 0/0 AF189928 |
Schizoblastosporion starkeyi-henricii | TSN-87 | - | HF558658 | FR716592 | 0/0 U40089 |
Sporobolomyces ruberrimus | TSN-25 | - | HF558664 | FR716593 | 1/0 AF070442 |
Sp. tsugae | TSN-37 | CBS 11762 | - | FN868152 | 0/0 AF189998 |
Trichosporon dulcitum | TSN-17 | - | HF558657 | FR716595 | 0/0 AF075517 |
T. porosum | TSN-24 | - | HF558656 | FR716596 | 0/0 AF189833 |
Wickerhamomyces anomalus | TSN-95-4 | MUCL 52882 | - | FN868150 | 3/1 EU057562 |
3.2. Yeast Alpha- and Beta-Diversity
Yeast species | underneath wood logs | in adjacent areas | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AEW1 | AEW2 | AEW3 | AEW1 | AEW2 | AEW3 | |
Aureobasidium pullulans | - | - | 0.003 | - | - | - |
Candida cretensis | - | - | - | s.i. | - | - |
C. zeylanoides | - | - | - | s.i. | - | - |
Candida sp. CBS 7170 | - | - | 0.013 | - | - | - |
Candida sp. CBS 11766 | 0.167 | - | - | - | - | - |
Cryptococcus aerius | - | - | - | >0.001 | 0.439 | 0.007 |
Cr. filicatus | - | - | - | 0.096 | - | - |
Cr. musci | - | - | - | 0.258 | - | - |
Cr. podzolicus | 0.449 | 0.590 | 0.363 | - | - | - |
Cr. ramirezgomezianus | - | - | - | s.i. | - | - |
Cr. stepposus | - | - | - | 0.096 | - | - |
Cr. tephrensis | 0.123 | - | - | - | - | - |
Cr. terricola | 0.252 | 0.387 | 0.176 | 0.381 | 0.367 | 0.573 |
Cr. victoriae | - | - | - | - | 0.116 | 0.109 |
Cystofilobasidium capitatum | - | - | - | - | - | 0.017 |
Cy. macerans | - | - | - | - | - | s.i. |
Kazachstania piceae | >0.001 | >0.001 | 0.197 | >0.001 | >0.001 | 0.066 |
Phaffia sp. CBS 11768 | - | - | - | - | - | 0.148 |
Rhodotorula colostri | 0.003 | - | - | - | 0.002 | 0.022 |
R. fujisanensis | - | - | - | - | - | 0.039 |
Schizoblastosporion starkeyi-henricii | 0.006 | - | - | 0.167 | - | - |
Sporobolomyces ruberrimus | - | - | 0.002 | - | - | - |
Sp. tsugae | - | - | 0.016 | - | - | - |
Trichosporon dulcitum | - | 0.010 | 0.220 | - | 0.076 | 0.017 |
T. porosum | - | 0.012 | 0.010 | 0.002 | - | - |
Wickerhamomyces anomalus | - | - | s.i. | - | - |
underneath wood logs | in adjacent areas | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AEW1 | AEW2 | AEW3 | AEW1 | AEW2 | AEW3 | |
Total yeast quantity, Log10 (CFU/g) | 4.985 | 5.368 | 4.985 | 5.401 | 5.261 | 5.045 |
Quantity of soil-borne yeasts, Log10 (CFU/g) | 4.968 | 5.386 | 4.972 | 5.309 | 5.206 | 4.865 |
Species richness | 7 | 5 | 9 | 11 | 6 | 10 |
Number of soil-borne species | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 4 |
Number of transient species | 3 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 6 |
Relative abundance of soil-borne species | 0.96 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.81 | 0.88 | 0.66 |
Relative abundance of transient species | 0.04 | - | 0.03 | 0.19 | 0.12 | 0.34 |
3.3. Yeast Abundance
4. Discussion
4.1. Factors Influencing Distribution of Soil Yeasts
4.2. Autochthonous and Transient Species in Soils
4.3. Effects of Aboveground Deadwood Deposition
5. Conclusions
Supplementary
Acknowledgments
References
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Yurkov, A.; Wehde, T.; Kahl, T.; Begerow, D. Aboveground Deadwood Deposition Supports Development of Soil Yeasts. Diversity 2012, 4, 453-474. https://doi.org/10.3390/d4040453
Yurkov A, Wehde T, Kahl T, Begerow D. Aboveground Deadwood Deposition Supports Development of Soil Yeasts. Diversity. 2012; 4(4):453-474. https://doi.org/10.3390/d4040453
Chicago/Turabian StyleYurkov, Andrey, Thorsten Wehde, Tiemo Kahl, and Dominik Begerow. 2012. "Aboveground Deadwood Deposition Supports Development of Soil Yeasts" Diversity 4, no. 4: 453-474. https://doi.org/10.3390/d4040453