Sardinian Infants of Diabetic Mothers: A Metabolomics Observational Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Subject and Sample Collection
4.2. Urine Sample Preparation and 1H-NMR Analysis
4.3. H NMR Data Preprocessing
4.4. GC-MS Sample Preparation and Analysis
4.5. Multivariate Statistical Analysis
4.6. Univariate Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AGA | adequate for gestational age |
AUC | area under the concentration curve |
BHMT | betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase |
CIC | citrate-isocitrate transporter |
CTR | control |
DIP | diabetes in pregnancy |
DMG | N,N-dimethylglycine |
GDM | gestational diabetes mellitus |
GPR 41/43 | G protein-coupled receptors 41 and 43 |
GSH | glutathione |
GS-MS | gas chromatography–mass spectrometry |
HAPO | Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome |
HbA1c | glycohemoglobin |
HDAC | histone deacetylase |
HIP | hyperglycemia of pregnancy |
IADPSG | International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups |
IUGR | intrauterine growth retardation |
LGA | large for gestational age |
MVA | multivariate statistical analysis |
NDM | newborn of diabetic mother |
NMR | nuclear magnetic resonance |
OGA | GlcNAc-ase enzyme |
OGT | O-GlcNAc transferase enzyme |
OPLS-DA | Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis |
PI3 | phosphatidylinositol 3 |
PCA | Principal Component Analysis |
ROC | receiver operating characteristic |
SCFA | short-chain fatty acid |
SENP1 | sentrin/SUMO-specific protease-1 |
TCA | tricarboxylic acid cycle |
TMAO | Trimethylamine N-oxide |
WHO | World Health Organization |
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OPLS-DA Models | Permutation (400 Times) * | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Components a | R2Xcum b | R2Ycum c | Q2cum d | R2 Intercept | Q2 Intercept | |
T1 NDM-insulin vs. NDM-diet and CTR | 1P + 1O | 0.383 | 0.858 | 0.507 | 0.295 | −0.298 |
T2 NDM-insulin vs. NDM-diet and CTR | 1P + 2O | 0.721 | 0.680 | 0.183 | - | - |
T3 NDM-insulin vs. NDM-diet and CTR | 1P + 1O | 0.296 | 0.662 | −0.546 | - | - |
T4 NDM-insulin vs. NDM-diet and CTR | 1P + 1O | 0.629 | 0.439 | −1.010 | - | - |
T5 NDM-insulin vs. NDM-diet and CTR | 1P + 2O | 0.721 | 0.784 | 0.228 | - | - |
T1 NDM-insulin vs. NDM-diet | 1P | 0.296 | 0.694 | 0.572 | 0.304 | −0.324 |
NDM-Insulin (n = 8) | NDM-Diet (n = 13) | CONTROLS (n = 5) | |
---|---|---|---|
Infants’ characteristics at birth | |||
Gender (male/female) | 6/2 | 10/3 | 2/3 |
Gestational age, weeks (mean ± SD) | 38 ± 3 | 38 ± 5 | 39 ± 1 |
Birth weight, g (mean ± SD) | 3340 ± 10 | 3218 ± 12 | 3056 ± 7 |
Length, cm (mean ± SD) | 50 ± 4 | 50 ± 5 | 49 ± 8 |
Head circumference, cm (mean ± SD) | 34 ± 3 | 34 ± 1 | 33 ± 8 |
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Dessì, A.; Bosco, A.; Cesare Marincola, F.; Pintus, R.; Paci, G.; Atzori, L.; Fanos, V.; Piras, C. Sardinian Infants of Diabetic Mothers: A Metabolomics Observational Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 13724. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241813724
Dessì A, Bosco A, Cesare Marincola F, Pintus R, Paci G, Atzori L, Fanos V, Piras C. Sardinian Infants of Diabetic Mothers: A Metabolomics Observational Study. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(18):13724. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241813724
Chicago/Turabian StyleDessì, Angelica, Alice Bosco, Flaminia Cesare Marincola, Roberta Pintus, Giulia Paci, Luigi Atzori, Vassilios Fanos, and Cristina Piras. 2023. "Sardinian Infants of Diabetic Mothers: A Metabolomics Observational Study" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 18: 13724. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241813724