Effects of Combining Biofactors on Bioenergetic Parameters, Aβ Levels and Survival in Alzheimer Model Organisms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. General Overview of Tests and Results
2.2. Aβ1–40 Production
2.3. Aβ1–42 Production
2.4. sAPPα and sAPPβ Level
2.5. Effect on the Mitochondrial Function
2.6. Lactate and Pyruvate Level
2.7. qPCR
2.8. Effect on the Lifespan of C. elegans in Heat Stress Survival Assay
2.9. Effect on the Paralysis
2.10. Aβ1–42 Production in GMC101
2.11. Aβ1–42 Aggregation
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Cell Culture
4.2. Cell Treatment
4.3. ATP Measurement
4.4. MMP Measurement
4.5. Cellular Respiration
4.6. Citrate Synthase Activity
4.7. Aβ1–40 Measurement
4.8. Aβ1–42 Measurement
4.9. Protein Quantification
4.10. Quantification of Human Soluble Amyloid Precursor Protein α (sAPPα)
4.11. Quantification of Human Soluble Amyloid Precursor Protein β (sAPPβ)
4.12. Pyruvate and Lactate Content
4.13. Real-Time qRT-PCR
4.14. Nematode and Bacterial Strain
4.15. Cultivation and Treatment
4.16. Paralyze Assay
4.17. Heat-Stress Survival Assay
4.18. ThT Dying of Aβ Aggregates
4.19. Statistics
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ID63 vs. CTR | ID64 vs. CTR | MgOr vs. CTR | Fol vs. CTR | Vit B6 vs. CTR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aβ1–40 | Significant lower | Significant lower | Significant lower | Significant lower | No significant change |
Aβ1–42 | No significant change | Significant lower | Significant lower | Significant lower | Significant lower |
sAPPα | Significant lower | Significant lower | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested |
sAPPβ | No significant change | No significant change | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested |
ATP level | No significant change | No significant change | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested |
MMP level | No significant change | No significant change | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested |
Respiration | No significant change | No significant change | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested |
Citrate synthase activity | No significant change | No significant change | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested |
Lactate level | Significant lower | Significant lower | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested |
Pyruvate level | No significant change | No significant change | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested |
Lactate/Pyruvate Ratio | No significant change | Significant lower | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested |
Gen expression PDK1 | No significant change | No significant change | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested |
Gen expression LDHA | No significant change | Significant higher | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested |
Lifespan C. elegans in % | No significant change | Significant higher | Significant higher | Significant higher | Significant higher |
Mean survival C. elegans | Significant higher | Significant higher | Significant higher | Significant higher | Significant higher |
Paralysis C. elegans | Significant lower | Significant lower | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested |
Aβ1–42 C. elegans | No significant change | No significant change | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested |
Aβ1–42 aggreation C. elegans | Significant lower | No significant change | Not tested | Not tested | Not tested |
Primer | Sequence | Manufacturer | Product Size | Concentration (nM) |
---|---|---|---|---|
ß-Actin (ACTB) NM_001101.2 | 5′-ggacttcgagcaagagatgg-3′ 5′-agcactgtgttggcgtacag-3′ | Biomol, Hamburg, Germany | 234 | 200 |
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) NM_002046.2 | 5′-gagtcaacggatttggtcgt-3′ 5′-ttgattttggagggatctcg-3′ | Biomol, Hamburg, Germany | 238 | 200 |
Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) NM_000291.2 | 5′-ctgtgggggtatttgaatgg-3′ 5′-cttccaggagctccaaa-3′ | Biomol, Hamburg, Germany | 198 | 200 |
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 1 (PDK1) NM_002610 | 5′-atacggatcagaaaccgaca-3′ 5′-cagacgcctagcattttcat-3′ | Biomol, Hamburg, Germany | 291 | 100 |
Human lactate dehydrogenase A like 6B (LDHA) NM_033195 | 5′-ggtgtccctttgaaggatct-3′ 5′-tgcagtcacttctttgtgga-3′ | Biomol, Hamburg, Germany | 87 | 400 |
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Babylon, L.; Schmitt, F.; Franke, Y.; Hubert, T.; Eckert, G.P. Effects of Combining Biofactors on Bioenergetic Parameters, Aβ Levels and Survival in Alzheimer Model Organisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 8670. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158670
Babylon L, Schmitt F, Franke Y, Hubert T, Eckert GP. Effects of Combining Biofactors on Bioenergetic Parameters, Aβ Levels and Survival in Alzheimer Model Organisms. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(15):8670. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158670
Chicago/Turabian StyleBabylon, Lukas, Fabian Schmitt, Yannik Franke, Tim Hubert, and Gunter P. Eckert. 2022. "Effects of Combining Biofactors on Bioenergetic Parameters, Aβ Levels and Survival in Alzheimer Model Organisms" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 15: 8670. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158670