Design and Engineering of “Green” Nanoemulsions for Enhanced Topical Delivery of Bakuchiol Achieved in a Sustainable Manner: A Novel Eco-Friendly Approach to Bioretinol
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Supercritical Fluid Extraction—Obtaining the Purest Extracts
2.2. Physicochemical Characteristics and Optimization Studies
2.3. Evaluation of Skin Biological Responses: In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Chemicals
3.2. Surfactin Synthesis
3.2.1. Synthetic Protocol
3.2.2. Analytical Evaluation
3.3. Supercritical CO2 Extraction Procedure (Bakuchiol-Rich Extract Fabrication)
3.3.1. SC-CO2 Protocol
3.3.2. Analytical Evaluation
3.4. Ternary Phase Diagrams and Nanoemulsion Preparation
3.5. Centrifugation Test and Heating and Cooling Cycles
3.6. Nanoemulsion Characterization Methods
3.6.1. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Electrophoretic Light Scattering (ELS)
3.6.2. Backscattering (BS)
3.6.3. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
3.6.4. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM)
3.7. In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Topical Experiments
3.7.1. Cell Cultures
3.7.2. Colorimetric Cell Viability Assay
3.7.3. Ex Vivo Diffusion Test on Franz Cells
3.7.4. Ex Vivo Penetration Studies by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM)
3.7.5. In Vivo Skin Contact Study
3.8. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Number/ Seed Weight (g) | P (bar) | Static/Dynamic Interval (min/min) | Extraction Time (min) | Extract (g) | Yield (%) | Bakuchiol (%) | Psoralen (%) | Iso-Psoralen (%) | Sum of the Other Components (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1/80.003 | 280 ± 5 | 10/50 | 250 | 4.731 | 5.91 | 79.68 | 1.23 | 3.14 | 15.95 |
2/80.003 | 280 ± 5 | 15/15 | 420 | 5.035 | 6.29 | 80.96 | 1.52 | 4.15 | 13.37 |
3/80.005 | 280 ± 5 | 10/20 | 330 | 6.862 | 8.58 | 80.25 | 1.23 | 3.15 | 15.37 |
4/80.002 | 250 ± 5 | 10/20 | 420 | 5.257 | 6.57 | 81.42 | 1.65 | 4.27 | 12.66 |
System | Nanoemulsion Composition/% | DH d/nm | PdI e | ζ f/mV | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S a | O b | W c | ||||
1 | 10 | 5 | 85 | g | - | - |
2 | 10 | 2 | 88 | - | - | - |
3 | 5 | 2 | 93 | 243 ± 6 | 0.221 ± 0.02 | −66 ± 3 |
4 | 5 | 1 | 94 | 221 ± 4 | 0.182 ± 0.01 | −73 ± 5 |
5 | 3 | 1 | 96 | 200 ± 3 | 0.276 ± 0.02 | −70 ± 5 |
Probant Age | Active Ingredient | Wrinkles (mm) | Discolorations (%) | Vessels (mm2) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 28th Day | 0 | 28th Day | 0 | 28th Day | ||
30+ | R | 0.085 ± 0.018 | 0.082 ± 0.02 | 10.87 ± 1.44 | 10.48 ± 1.36 | 2.61 ± 1.36 | 2.58 ± 1.19 |
B | 0.086 ± 0.013 | 0.082 ± 0.017 | 10.97 ± 1.65 | 10.28 ± 1.79 | 2.04 ± 1.18 | 1.90 ± 1.35 | |
40+ | R | 0.100 ± 0.020 | 0.070 ± 0.040 | 2.87 ± 1.24 | 2.05 ± 1,63 | 11.51 ± 1.92 | 10.95 ± 1.31 |
B | 0.090 ± 0.010 | 0.090 ± 0.020 | 2.87 ± 1.24 | 2.05 ± 1.63 | 10.60 ± 1,21 | 10.85 ± 1.20 | |
50+ | R | 0.099 ± 0.010 | 0.079 ± 0.035 | 12.23 ± 1.76 | 12.03 ± 1.57 | 2.82 ± 0.77 | 2.52 ± 1.35 |
B | 0.098 ± 0.013 | 0.092 ± 0.007 | 12.34 ± 1.9 | 10.75 ± 1.71 | 3.68 ± 1.39 | 3.44 ± 0.75 |
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Lewińska, A.; Domżał-Kędzia, M.; Maciejczyk, E.; Łukaszewicz, M.; Bazylińska, U. Design and Engineering of “Green” Nanoemulsions for Enhanced Topical Delivery of Bakuchiol Achieved in a Sustainable Manner: A Novel Eco-Friendly Approach to Bioretinol. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 10091. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221810091
Lewińska A, Domżał-Kędzia M, Maciejczyk E, Łukaszewicz M, Bazylińska U. Design and Engineering of “Green” Nanoemulsions for Enhanced Topical Delivery of Bakuchiol Achieved in a Sustainable Manner: A Novel Eco-Friendly Approach to Bioretinol. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(18):10091. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221810091
Chicago/Turabian StyleLewińska, Agnieszka, Marta Domżał-Kędzia, Ewa Maciejczyk, Marcin Łukaszewicz, and Urszula Bazylińska. 2021. "Design and Engineering of “Green” Nanoemulsions for Enhanced Topical Delivery of Bakuchiol Achieved in a Sustainable Manner: A Novel Eco-Friendly Approach to Bioretinol" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 18: 10091. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221810091