Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) Ameliorates Cerebral Neuronal Loss and Cognitive Deficit via the JNK/Akt Pathway in TMT-Induced Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Antioxidant Capacity
2.2. Protective Effect on H2O2-Induced Neurotoxicity in Hippocampal HT22 Cells
2.3. Y-Maze Test and Passive Avoidance Test
2.4. Passive Avoidance Test
2.5. Morris Water Maze Test
2.6. Ferric-Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) and Antioxidant System in Brain Tissue
2.7. Cholinergic System in Brain Tissue
2.8. Cerebral Mitochondrial Function
2.9. Neuronal JNK/Akt Pathway
2.10. Neuronal Apoptotic Pathway
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Sample Preparation
4.2. Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents
4.3. Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity
4.4. Lipid Peroxide
4.5. Cell Culture and Treatment
4.6. Viability and Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
4.7. Animals
4.8. Behavioral Tests
4.9. Plasma FRAP
4.10. Brain Tissue Preparation
4.11. Lipid Peroxidation
4.12. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Level
4.13. Reduced Gluthathione (GSH) Contents
4.14. Evaluation of Cholinergic System
4.15. Cerebral Mitochondrial Extraction
4.16. Estimation of Mitochondrial Function
4.17. Western Blot Analysis
4.18. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AD | Alzheimer’s disease |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
NFT | neurofibrillary tangles |
TMT | trimethyltin |
EFDK | ethyl acetate fraction from persimmon |
TPC | total phenolic contents |
TFC | total flavonoid contents |
MDA | malondialdehyde |
SOD | superoxide dismutase |
GSH | reduced glutathione |
AChE | acetylcholinesterase |
ACh | acetylcholine |
MMP | mitochondrial membrane potential |
JNK | c-Jun N-terminal kinase |
Akt | protein kinase B |
TNF-α | tumor necrosis factor-alpha |
IRS-1pSer | phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 1 |
NF-κB | nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells |
BAX | Bcl-2-associated X protein |
Aβ | amyloid-beta |
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TPC a | TFC b | ABTS c | DPPH d | MDA e |
---|---|---|---|---|
81.75 ± 1.52 | 187.52 ± 3.21 | 25.03 | 35.47 | 389.21 |
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Kim, J.M.; Park, S.K.; Kang, J.Y.; Park, S.B.; Yoo, S.K.; Han, H.J.; Kim, C.-W.; Lee, U.; Kim, S.-H.; Heo, H.J. Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) Ameliorates Cerebral Neuronal Loss and Cognitive Deficit via the JNK/Akt Pathway in TMT-Induced Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 1499. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19051499
Kim JM, Park SK, Kang JY, Park SB, Yoo SK, Han HJ, Kim C-W, Lee U, Kim S-H, Heo HJ. Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) Ameliorates Cerebral Neuronal Loss and Cognitive Deficit via the JNK/Akt Pathway in TMT-Induced Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(5):1499. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19051499
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Jong Min, Seon Kyeong Park, Jin Yong Kang, Su Bin Park, Seul Ki Yoo, Hye Ju Han, Chul-Woo Kim, Uk Lee, Sea-Hyun Kim, and Ho Jin Heo. 2018. "Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) Ameliorates Cerebral Neuronal Loss and Cognitive Deficit via the JNK/Akt Pathway in TMT-Induced Mice" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 5: 1499. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19051499