Anti-Inflammatory and Gastroprotective Roles of Rabdosia inflexa through Downregulation of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and MAPK/NF-κB Signaling Pathways
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Analysis of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Rabdosia inflexa (RI)
2.2. Effect of RI on Viability and Morphology of RAW 264.7 Cells
2.3. RI Attenuated the LPS-Induced NO and ROS Production in RAW 264.7 Cells
2.4. RI Improved the Gross and Histopathology of Gastric Tissue
2.5. RI Regulated the NO and MDA Production in Gastric Tissue
2.6. RI Suppressed the Activation Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Gastric Tissue
2.7. RI Inhibited the COX-2 Expression in Gastric Tissue
2.8. RI Blocked the MAPK Cascade, COX-2, and NF-κB Activation
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals and Antibodies
4.2. Collection and Preparation of Rabdosia Inflexa Extract
4.3. Phytochemical Analysis
4.4. RAW 264.7 Cells Culture
4.5. Cell Viability and Morphological Study
4.6. Measurement of NO and ROS in RAW 264.7 Cells
4.7. Mice Management and HCl/EtOH-Induced Gastric Ulcer Model
4.8. Gross and Histopathology of Gastric Mucosal Tissue
4.9. Analysis of Lipid Peroxidation and NO Production
4.10. RNA Extraction and Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR)
4.11. Immunohistochemical (IHC) Analysis
4.12. Western Blot Analysis
4.13. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plant Extract | Total Phenolic (mg GAE/g Extract) | Total Flavonoid (mg RU/g Extract) | Total Yield (%) |
---|---|---|---|
RI | 143.288 ± 1.68 | 256.301 ± 1.40 | 27.13 |
Gene | Primers Sequence (5′–3′) | Genebank Accession No. |
---|---|---|
TNF-α | TTGACCTCAGCGCTGAGTTG | NM_013693 |
CCTGTAGCCCACGTCGTAGC | ||
IL-1β | CAGGATGAGGACATGAGCACC | XM_006498795 |
CTCTGCAGACTCAAACTCCAC | ||
IL-6 | GTACTCCAGAAGACCAGAGG | NM_001314054 |
TGCTGGTGACAACCACGGCC | ||
iNOS | CCCTTCCGAAGTTTCTGGCAGCAGC | XM_006532446 |
GGCTGTCAGAGCCTCGTGGCTTTGG | ||
COX-2 | CACTACATCCTGACCCACTT | NM_011198 |
ATGCTCCTGCTTGAGTATGT | ||
GAPDH | CACTCACGGCAAATTCAACGGCAC | XM_017321385 |
GACTCCACGACATACTCAGCAC |
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Akanda, M.R.; Kim, I.-S.; Ahn, D.; Tae, H.-J.; Nam, H.-H.; Choo, B.-K.; Kim, K.; Park, B.-Y. Anti-Inflammatory and Gastroprotective Roles of Rabdosia inflexa through Downregulation of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and MAPK/NF-κB Signaling Pathways. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 584. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19020584
Akanda MR, Kim I-S, Ahn D, Tae H-J, Nam H-H, Choo B-K, Kim K, Park B-Y. Anti-Inflammatory and Gastroprotective Roles of Rabdosia inflexa through Downregulation of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and MAPK/NF-κB Signaling Pathways. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(2):584. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19020584
Chicago/Turabian StyleAkanda, Md Rashedunnabi, In-Shik Kim, Dongchoon Ahn, Hyun-Jin Tae, Hyeon-Hwa Nam, Byung-Kil Choo, Kyunghwa Kim, and Byung-Yong Park. 2018. "Anti-Inflammatory and Gastroprotective Roles of Rabdosia inflexa through Downregulation of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and MAPK/NF-κB Signaling Pathways" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 2: 584. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19020584
APA StyleAkanda, M. R., Kim, I.-S., Ahn, D., Tae, H.-J., Nam, H.-H., Choo, B.-K., Kim, K., & Park, B.-Y. (2018). Anti-Inflammatory and Gastroprotective Roles of Rabdosia inflexa through Downregulation of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and MAPK/NF-κB Signaling Pathways. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(2), 584. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19020584