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Article

Roles of Two Sox9 Genes during Gonadal Development in Japanese Flounder: Sex Differentiation, Spermatogenesis and Gonadal Function Maintenance

by
Xiaojing Li
,
Haiyang Yu
,
Yujue Wang
,
Xiaobing Liu
,
Yuezhong Liu
,
Jiangbo Qu
and
Xubo Wang
*
Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19(2), 512; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19020512
Submission received: 7 December 2017 / Revised: 11 January 2018 / Accepted: 22 January 2018 / Published: 8 February 2018
(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry)
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Abstract

:
The transcription factor sox9 has been implicated in cartilage formation and testis determination in mammals. Here, two duplicates of sox9 were found in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) named Posox9a and Posox9b, respectively. Phylogenetic and gene structure analyses revealed that Posox9a and Posox9b were homologous to that of teleosts and tetrapods. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that both Posox9a and Posox9b expressed higher in testis than in ovary of adult tissues. The in situ hybridization (ISH) analysis of gonads showed that Posox9a and Posox9b mRNA were both detected in oocytes, Sertoli cells and spermatocytes. During sex differentiation, the expression of Posox9a exhibited obvious sexual dimorphic expression from 60 days after hatch (dah) with higher expression in male preferred individuals than female preferred individuals and increased gradually from 30 to 100 dah. A similar pattern was detected in Posox9b expression. After injection of androgen (17α-methyltestosterone) of different concentrations, the expression level of Posox9b increased significantly, whereas Posox9a did not change obviously. These results indicated that the two sox9 genes of Japanese flounder had converse functions in sex differentiation, whereas their differences in 17α-methyltestosterone administration were obvious and worthwhile for exploring evolutionary and adaptive significance. This study provided a foundation for further exploration of the roles of Posox9 genes during the sex determination and differentiation, spermatogenesis and gonadal function maintenance of Japanese flounder.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Research on the Sox gene family began with the seminal discovery of the mammalian testis-determining factor—SRY [1,2]. The identification and homology-based analysis of the high mobility group (HMG), DNA-binding domain of SRY led to the discovery of the Sry-related HMG box (SOX) transcription factor family [3]. In general, proteins containing an HMG domain with 60% or higher amino acid similarity to the HMG domain of SRY are referred as Sox proteins [4]. Sox proteins that share an HMG domain with more than 80% sequence identity are divided into different HMG groups termed A to H [5].
Sox9 gene, a member of SoxE subfamily, is a transcription factor required for cartilage formation and testis determination in mammals [6,7]. SRY initiates a cascade of gene networks through the direct regulation of Sox9 expression and promotes supporting cell differentiation, Leydig cell specification, vasculature formation and testis cord development [8]. Mutations in the human SOX9 gene cause skeletal defects and male-to-female sex reversal, indicating its essential roles in chondrogenesis and testis development. In mice and chickens, the expression of Sox9 is down-regulated in the differentiating gonad just before ovary formation, but its expression in Sertoli cells of the developing testis persists throughout adulthood [9,10,11]. Two sox9 genes have been found in several teleost species, such as zebrafish (Danio rerio), fugu (Takifugu rubripes), stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), rice field eel (Monopterus albus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Zebrafish sox9a transcripts have been detected in Sertoli cells of the testis, while sox9b has been detected in ovaries [12]. Fugu sox9a expresses at higher levels in the testis than in the ovary, whereas its sox9b is only detected in the ovary [13]. In rice field eel, both sox9a1 and sox9a2 express in the testis, ovary, as well as in the ovotestis of intersex individuals. In sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria), sox9 mRNA prominently expresses in the testis, which indicates that sox9 is related to the formation and differentiation of the testis [14]. This male-favored expression profile at the stage of testis formation is also observed in freshwater and marine turtles [15], denoting that the functional importance of sox9 for male differentiation is conserved among tetrapods. Furthermore, with the ablation of Sox9, mice exhibit defects in the specification of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, suggesting important roles of sox9 in the development of central nervous system [16]. In Xenopus, the depletion of SOX9 protein in developing embryos causes a dramatic loss of neural crest progenitors and an expansion of the neural plate, indicating that SOX9 is required for cranial neural crest development [17]. All of these findings implied that sox9 is a multifunctional gene, especially in the differentiation and maintenance of the testis and the development of the central nervous system.
Because of the whole genome duplication event, two sox9 duplicates (named Posox9a and Posox9b) are found in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), which is one of the most important species in aquaculture with a stable XX/XY sex determination system [18]. In this study, we focus mainly on the molecular and genetic features of the two sox9 genes of Japanese flounder from analyses of larvae and adults in sex development, as well as the effects of androgen (17α-methyltestosterone) administration on their expression. The results will improve the current understanding of the expression patterns, biological functions and evolutionary significance of Japanese flounder sox9 genes in sex differentiation, gonadal development and maintenance.

2. Results

2.1. Molecular Characterization of Posox9a and Posox9b

2.1.1. Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Posox9a and Posox9b

Sequences of Posox9a and Posox9b were obtained from the genome and transcriptome of Japanese flounder by the local alignment search tool (BLAST+ 2.6.0). Besides, the full-length coding region of the two sequences was confirmed by amplifying, cloning, and sequencing and they were significantly similar to other sox9a and sox9b genes by BLAST search at National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI), respectively. Comparison of genomic and cDNA sequences showed that both Posox9a and Posox9b contained three exons and two introns. The predicted amino acid sequences of PoSox9a and PoSox9b were 497 and 478 residues respectively. Based on bioinformatics analysis, highly conserved HMG-box domains of the Sox superfamily was found in PoSox9a and PoSox9b sequences from residue 103–169 and 102–169, respectively (Figure 1).

2.1.2. Homology and Phylogenetic Analysis

To evaluate the evolutionary relationship between the predicted PoSox9a/b and another vertebrate group E Sox, a phylogenetic tree was generated using a maximum likelihood algorithm by MEGA6.0 with a Whelan and Goldman (WAG) model based on the amino acid sequences analyzed by MUSCLE3.8.31 (Figure 2). HMG domains showed a higher percentage of identity value among different species than other domains (Figure 1A,B). Moreover, since the HMG domain in the PoSox9a and PoSox9b protein were highly conserved, the genetic and evolutionary diversity in Sox9 among species was caused by the variety of the peptide sequences other than the HMG domain.

2.1.3. Genomic Structure of Posox9 Genes

The genomic structures of sox9 genes in many vertebrates were determined based on their published whole-genome sequences. The Posox9 genes structures were compared with other vertebrates. As the untranslated region (UTR) sequences of various species were incomplete, we only focused on the open reading frame (ORF) sequences. Analysis of the genomic structure showed that both Posox9a and Posox9b ORF contained three exons and two introns (Figure 3). Compared with the sox9 of other species, the genomic structures of the two duplicates of Japanese flounder sox9 were conserved. All exon–intron boundaries were consistent with the 5′-GT and 3′-AG splicing rule. These results suggested that the two duplicates of Japanese flounder sox9 genes exhibited a conserved number of exons between flounder species and other tetrapods despite their different gene size.

2.2. Relative Expression of Posox9a and Posox9b in Different Tissues

Tissue-specific expression of Posox9a and Posox9b in adult Japanese flounder was analyzed by qRT-PCR. Posox9a gene expressed at higher levels in the muscle, testis and gill, and at lower levels in the liver, kidney and brain; the transcripts were nearly undetectable in the heart, spleen, intestine and ovary (Figure 4A). Notably, the Posox9a expression level in the testis was significantly higher than in the ovary. The Posox9b gene expressed at higher levels in the brain and gill, and at lower levels in the intestine and testis; the transcripts were nearly undetectable in the heart, liver, spleen, kidney, muscle, intestine and ovary (Figure 4B). Notably, the Posox9b gene also expressed at higher levels in the testis than ovary, which was similar to the expression of Posox9a in adult gonads.
The distribution of Posox9a and Posox9b mRNA in gonadal sections were detected by in situ hybridization (ISH) (Figure 5) using a Digoxin (DIG)-labeled, anti-sense RNA probe. In the adult testis, the cells were mainly comprised of Sertoli cells, spermatocytes and spermatids. ISH results showed that strong positive signals of Posox9a and Posox9b mRNA were both found in Sertoli cells and spermatocytes (Figure 5A-b,B-b). No signal was detected in spermatids. As for the adult ovary, the cells were mainly comprised of oogonia and oocytes. The signal of Posox9a and Posox9b mRNA were both detected in the cytoplasm of the oocytes (Figure 5A-e,B-e). No signal was found when detected with the sense probes (Figure 5A-c,f,B-c,f). Spatial expression results showed that Posox9a and Posox9b mRNA were almost detected in the same location in the gonads.

2.3. Sexually Dimorphic Expression of Posox9a and Posox9b Mrnas in Gonads

Anti-Mullerian hormone (amh), also known as Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS), is responsible for the regression of Mullerian ducts, so it can lead to the masculinization of gonads. It has been reported that Japanese flounder amh is sexually dimorphic during sex gonadal differentiation [19]. For the lack of genetic gender marker in Japanese flounder, we referenced the expression of amh to distinguish the genetic male and female individuals [20]. The exact expression of amh, Posox9a and Posox9b in gonads during the early development stage (30 to 100 dah) were analyzed by qRT-PCR. At 30 dah, when the gonad was sexually indistinguishable, amh RNA mainly expressed in five individuals (Figure 6A, Individual 2, 3, 6, 8 and 9), which were regarded as genetic males, but hardly expressed in the others (Figure 6A, Individual 1, 4, 5, 7 and 10), which were considered as genetic females. Neither Posox9a nor Posox9b showed obvious sexual dimorphic expression during this stage. After the initiation of sex differentiation (60 dah), higher levels of amh mRNA were detected in the five individuals (genetic males) than the others (genetic females) (Figure 6B). The expression levels of both Posox9a and Posox9b in these genetic males were significantly higher than in genetic females (Figure 6F,J). From 80 to 100 dah, the expression of amh mRNA increased remarkably in the gonad of genetic females, but was consistently lower in the genetic males (Figure 6C,D). Similarly, Posox9a and Posox9b at this stage expressed at higher levels than the stage of 30 dah, with an obvious sexual dimorphic pattern (Figure 6G,H,K,L). It is noteworthy that among all these stages, Posox9b expressed at higher levels than Posox9a, especially at 30 dah.

2.4. Expression Profile of Posox9a and Posox9b after 17α-methyltestosterone Injection

After five days of injection of 17α-methyltestosterone, the expression profiles of Posox9a and Posox9b were studied in adult Japanese flounder by qRT-PCR (Figure 7). The results showed that the expression level of Posox9b in the testis increased obviously by 17α-methyltestosterone administration, especially when the 17α-methyltestosterone concentration was 1.5 mg/mL (Figure 7B), whereas Posox9a exhibited no significant difference between the experiment groups and control group (Figure 7A).

3. Discussion

The Sox9 gene is an important factor required for cartilage formation and testis determination in mammals [6,7]. In mice, sox9 is not required for testis cord differentiation after 14 days postcoitum, but is critical for the maintenance of adult testicular functions and fertility [21]. In recent years, more and more research has been performed on the sex determination genes of teleosts. Sox9 is a candidate gene for the selection of sex determination gene. Japanese flounder, one of the most important species in aquaculture with a stable XX/XY sex determination system, belongs to Pleuronectiformes, Paralichthyidae and Paralichthys. Considering its growth differences between male and female individuals and its economic benefits, constructing all-female stocks is of great value. Thus, the exploitation of Japanese flounder sex-related genes has become an important assignment for assisting breeding at the molecular level.

3.1. Posox9a and Posox9b Are Highly Conversed in Vertebrates

In this study, two duplicates of the sox9 gene in Japanese flounder were found, supporting the understanding that sox9 is duplicated in Japanese flounder, as has also been observed in other fish species, such as zebrafish, fugu and rice field eel due to the whole genome duplication event. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the genomic structure of Posox9a and Posox9b were conserved. Evidence gathered from protein sequences and the conserved and characteristic domains demonstrated that Posox9a and Posox9b encoded Japanese flounder PoSox9a and PoSox9b respectively, and were most closely related to the corresponding homologues of uncovered Sox9 proteins. PoSox9a and PoSox9b, especially the sequences within the conserved HMG-box domain, shared high amino acid sequence identities with other species, implying that PoSox9a and PoSox9b might possess similar regulation and function mechanisms as their homologues.

3.2. Both Posox9a and Posox9b Are More Abundant in Testis Than in Ovary

The tissue-specific expression of Posox9a and Posox9b in adult Japanese flounder was investigated by qRT-PCR to determine whether the genes were uniformly expressed or restricted to specific tissues or genders. The Posox9a and Posox9b genes were widely expressed in the examined tissues and the expression profiles of the two duplicates were different: the Posox9a level was highest in the muscle and Posox9b in the gill, indicating they might play different roles in these tissues. Here, we focused on the roles of the two Posox9 genes in the gonads. The qRT-PCR results showed that the expression levels of Posox9a and Posox9b were both higher in the testis than in the ovary. The same expression profile was also found in Anoplopoma fimbria [14], half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) [22] and catfish sox9a [23]. Given the sexually dimorphic pattern of Posox9a and Posox9b expression, it was possible that Posox9a and Posox9b influenced gonadal development by binding to target genes related to sex determination. This study also found the expression of Posox9a in somatic tissues including gill, muscle and kidney and Posox9b in the brain and gill, providing further evidence for the idea that the two genes might have an impact on a broad range of biological processes outside the germ line.

3.3. Posox9a and Posox9b Transcripts Are Detected in Sertoli Cells, Spermatocytes and Oocytes

The spatial expression profiles in adult Japanese flounder gonads detected by ISH showed that both Posox9a and Posox9b expressed in spermatocytes and Sertoli cells in the testis, and oocytes in the ovary. Sertoli cells are primarily under the hormonal regulation of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) while fulfilling numerous functions geared toward supporting the development and maturation of germinal cells [24]. The importance of Sertoli cells (and FSH) in sperm production has been emphasized by the demonstration that these cells produce a specific protein, the androgen binding protein (ABP), under FSH control [25]. The expression of Posox9a and Posox9b in Sertoli cells indicated that they might play roles in sperm production. In the present study, the ISH analysis of ovaries showed that Posox9a and Posox9b transcripts were detected in the cytoplasm of oocytes, indicating that they might also play a role in the process of oogenesis.

3.4. Sexually Dimorphic Expression of Posox9a and Posox9b Mrnas in Gonads during Sex Differentiation

It has been found via histological observation that the ovarian and testicular differentiation in P. olivaceus juveniles initiated when total length (TL) reached 30 and 37 mm [26,27], thus juveniles of 60 dah (32.7 mm) were selected as the initiation of gonadal differentiation in this study [20]. At this critical point of 60 dah, Posox9a and Posox9a increased sharply compared with 30 dah, and from then on they both showed obvious sexual dimorphic expression, denoting their important roles in Japanese flounder male sex differentiation. The same expression profiles of Posox9a and Posox9b in the stage of sex differentiation suggested a possible functional redundancy in these domains, which might facilitate gene function ablation for further evaluation of the roles of sox9 genes in development and evolution. Another possibility is that there might be a direct interaction between the two sox9 genes and they work together to promote male sex differentiation, which needs further research for verification.

3.5. 17α-methyltestosterone Increased the Expression of Posox9b but Not Posox9a

The sex of Japanese flounder is easily altered by sex steroid hormone treatment during the period of sex determination [28]. 17α-methyltestosterone, produced by Leydig cells and involved in Wolffian duct differentiation [29], is a familiar steroid hormone for inducing the sex-reverse of genetic females to phenotypic males [27,30]. 17α-methyltestosterone treatment during the period from 30–100 dah, which is the critical period of sex determination and differentiation in Japanese flounder [27], causes the masculinization—gonads differentiated to testes. In zebrafish, at a morphological level, 17α-methyltestosterone masculinizes gonads and accelerates spermatogenesis, and these changes are paralleled in the masculinization and de-feminization of gonadal transcriptome. 17α-methyltestosterone treatment can upregulate the expression of the genes involved in male sex determination and differentiation [31]. Thus, in order to explore the roles of Posox9 genes in gonadal function maintenance, we attempt to find whether 17α-methyltestosterone administration can influence the expression level of the male-related Posox9 genes of adult Japanese flounder. In our study, five days after 17α-methyltestosterone injection intraperitoneally in 1.5-year-old adults, the expression level of Posox9b increased significantly compared with the control group, especially when the 17α-methyltestosterone concentration was 1.5 mg/mL, whereas the change in Posox9a was undetectable, manifesting that the effect of androgen on gonadal function maintenance in Japanese flounder might have some relationship with Posox9b but not Posox9a. Nevertheless, further investigations are needed to determine whether 17α-methyltestosterone directly regulates the expression of the Posox9b gene. In addition, the different expression profiles of Posox9a and Posox9b showed that their functions in gonadal development have already diverged to some degree and the detailed differences need to be further explored.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Ethics Statement

Animal experiments were all conducted in accordance with the Regulation for the Administration of Affairs Concerning Experimental Animals (China, 1988). The research was also approved by College of Marine Life, Ocean University of China (Qingdao, China).

4.2. Fish and Sampling

All larvae and fish were collected from a commercial hatchery in Haiyang, Shandong Province, China. Larvae, cultivated at 18–21 °C, were sampled at 30, 60, 80 and 100 dah. Ten larvae of each stage were sacrificed for RNA extraction and another ten for histological examination and ISH. The average TL was shown in Table 1. The whole abdomen that contained the gonadal anlagen was sampled from juveniles with TL < 50 mm, and gonads were sampled from juveniles with TL > 50 mm.
Six 1.5-year-old adults (three females and three males) were selected randomly. The body length (234–274 mm) and body weight (210–380 g) of those adult individuals were measured. Japanese flounder individuals, anesthetized and sacrificed by severing the spinal cord, were dissected, and the organs, including the heart, liver, spleen, kidney, brain, gill, muscle, intestine and gonad (ovary and testis), were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and then stored at −80 °C until RNA extraction. Besides, the remaining gonadal tissues were collected and stored in methanol for ISH. Genders were identified through morphological observation.
The 1.5-year-old male Japanese flounder individuals (n = 9), injected with androgen (17α-methyltestosterone) intraperitoneally in concentration of 1.5 mg/mL and 50 μg/mL, were dissected on the fifth day post injection and the testes were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and then stored at −80 °C until RNA extraction. The control group was injected with an equivalent dosage of ethanol.

4.3. RNA Extraction and cDNA Synthesis

RNA were extracted with Trizol Reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol, and then treated with RNase-free DNase I (TaKaRa, Dalian, China) to eliminate genomic DNA contamination. After that, 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis and spectrophotometry was used to detect the concentration and integrity. cDNA was synthesized with total RNA and random hexamer primers using a Reverse Transcriptase M-MLV Kit (TaKaRa) following the manufacturer’s protocol and verified by PCR using β-actin gene specific primers (Table 2) which spanned different exons.

4.4. Molecular Cloning of Posox9a and Posox9b

Through searching the de novo transcriptome sequencing data of Japanese flounder [32], we found two different sequences of Japanese flounder sox9 named Posox9a and Posox9b, respectively. Then, two pairs of primers (Posox9a-Fw/Rv; Posox9b-Fw/Rv, Table 2) were designed to confirm the core fragments and ensure sequence accuracy. The total RNA used for obtaining Posox9a and Posox9b cDNA was extracted from adult testis tissue. First-strand cDNA was synthesized from 1 μg of total RNA using M-MLV reverse transcriptase (RNase H-−) (TaKaRa) and random primers. The amplified PCR products of the appropriate size were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, purified using the Zymoclean Gel DNA Recovery kit (Zymo Research, Orange, CA, USA), and cloned into a pMD-19T Vector (TaKaRa) for sequencing.

4.5. Sequence Analysis

Sequence data were assembled and analyzed using software suite Lasergene v7.0 (DNASTAR, Madison, WI, USA). Homologous nucleotide and protein sequences were confirmed through using the BLASTn and BLASTx search algorithm in NCBI (http://www.ncbi.nlm.gov/blast). Multiple alignments of amino acid sequences were performed using MUSCLE and refined by GBLOCKS. A phylogenetic tree was generated using maximum likelihood algorithm by MEGA6.0 with a WAG model based on the amino acid sequences analyzed by MUSCLE.

4.6. Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR)

The cDNA templates used for qRT-PCR analysis were generated using the method described above and further amplified with β-actin primers to exclude any possible residual DNA contamination. Primers of Posox9a and Posox9b for qRT-PCR were designed outside the conserved domains to prevent any non-specific amplification. qRT-PCR was performed in a 20 μL system containing 10 ng template cDNA, SYBR qPCR SuperMix (Novoprotein, Shanghai, China), 2.5 μmol/L each of specific forward and reverse primers and RNA-free water. Posox9a, Posox9b and amh amplicons were separated through 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis, purified using the Zymoclean Gel DNA Recovery Kit, cloned into the pMD-19T Vector. The positive clone was verified by sequencing and used for plasmid construction. A standard curve and amplification efficiency were derived from the serial dilutions of the relative plasmid. Melting curves were generated at the end of each run to assess the specificity of the amplicons and the absence of dimers. A negative control (no template) was always included. The result of absolute quantification for the target genes were calculated by the standard curve method with 18S RNA as the reference gene. All qRT-PCR assays for a particular gene were conducted under identical conditions in triplicate. All primers were listed in Table 2.

4.7. ISH

ISH of Posox9a and Posox9b expression in the gonads was performed using a 393-bp and 459-bp probe spanning the ORF of cDNA, which was amplified by specific primers (Table 2). DIG-labeled RNA sense and anti-sense probes were synthesized using the DIG RNA Labeling Kit (SP6/T7) (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. ISH on paraffin sections of the gonads was performed according to a previous study [33].

4.8. Statistical Analysis

Results were expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean. qRT-PCR data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by least significant difference test using SPSS 20.0 (IBM, New York, NY, USA). Significance was set at p value < 0.05.

5. Conclusions

In this study, we found two duplicates of sox9 in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) named Posox9a and Posox9b, respectively. The two genes were conserved in terms of phylogenetic and gene structure analyses. In adult gonads, the expression levels of Posox9a and Posox9b were both higher in the testis than the ovary, and their mRNA were both detected in the cytoplasm of oocytes, Sertoli cells and spermatocytes. During sex differentiation, the expression level of Posox9a and Posox9b were both higher in male-preferred individuals than female-preferred individuals. 17α-methyltestosterone injection upregulated the expression of Posox9b, but had no influence on Posox9a in testis. These results suggested that Japanese flounder Posox9a and Posox9b might perform an essential function in gonadal development. Our study provides a foundation for further exploration of the roles of sox9 genes during the sex determination and differentiation, spermatogenesis and gonadal function maintenance of Japanese flounder.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31672646), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (201762016).

Author Contributions

Xiaojing Li and Xubo Wang designed the experiments. Xiaojing Li, Haiyang Yu and Jiangbo Qu performed the experiments. Xiaojing Li, Yujue Wang, Xiaobing Liu and Yuezhong Liu analyzed the data. Xiaojing Li and Xubo Wang wrote the paper. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Ijms 19 00512 g001a 550Ijms 19 00512 g001b 550
Figure 1. Multiple alignment of Sox9 amino acid sequences in different species. (A) PoSox9a; (B) PoSox9b. The black shadow region indicates positions where all sequences selected share the same amino acid residue. Identical amino acids are in dark grey background. The conserved regions are indicated with black lines. GenBank accession numbers of these sequences are as follows: Takifugu rubripes Sox9a (Tr, AAQ18508.1); Cynoglossus semilaevis Sox9a (Cs, XP_008313399.1); Stegastes partitus Sox9a (Sp, XP_008295125.1); Lates calcarifer Sox9a (Lc, XP_018541051.1); Paralichthys olivaceus Sox9a (Po, unpublished); Rhincodon typus Sox9a (Rt, XP_020382797.1); Xenopus laevis Sox9 (Xl, NP_001087942.1); Homo sapiens SOX9 (Hs, NP_000337.1); Mus musculus Sox9 (Mm, NP_035578.3); Gallus gallus Sox9 (Gg, NP_989612.1); Alligator sinensis Sox9 (As, XP_006029531.1); Takifugu rubripes Sox9b (Tr, AAL32172.1); Cynoglossus semilaevis Sox9b (Cs, XP_016895678.1); Stegastes partitus Sox9b (XP_008301579.1); Lates calcarifer Sox9b (Lc, XP_018541051.1); Paralichthys olivaceus Sox9b (Po, ACO40490.1); Rhincodon typus Sox9b (Rt, XP_020382797.1).
Figure 1. Multiple alignment of Sox9 amino acid sequences in different species. (A) PoSox9a; (B) PoSox9b. The black shadow region indicates positions where all sequences selected share the same amino acid residue. Identical amino acids are in dark grey background. The conserved regions are indicated with black lines. GenBank accession numbers of these sequences are as follows: Takifugu rubripes Sox9a (Tr, AAQ18508.1); Cynoglossus semilaevis Sox9a (Cs, XP_008313399.1); Stegastes partitus Sox9a (Sp, XP_008295125.1); Lates calcarifer Sox9a (Lc, XP_018541051.1); Paralichthys olivaceus Sox9a (Po, unpublished); Rhincodon typus Sox9a (Rt, XP_020382797.1); Xenopus laevis Sox9 (Xl, NP_001087942.1); Homo sapiens SOX9 (Hs, NP_000337.1); Mus musculus Sox9 (Mm, NP_035578.3); Gallus gallus Sox9 (Gg, NP_989612.1); Alligator sinensis Sox9 (As, XP_006029531.1); Takifugu rubripes Sox9b (Tr, AAL32172.1); Cynoglossus semilaevis Sox9b (Cs, XP_016895678.1); Stegastes partitus Sox9b (XP_008301579.1); Lates calcarifer Sox9b (Lc, XP_018541051.1); Paralichthys olivaceus Sox9b (Po, ACO40490.1); Rhincodon typus Sox9b (Rt, XP_020382797.1).
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Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree of PoSox9a and PoSox9b in comparison with Sox9 and Sox8 proteins in other representative vertebrates using predicted amino acid sequences. The two triangular symbols in the picture indicate the two Sox9 in Paralichthy olivaceus. The phylogenic tree was generated by MEGA6.0 with the WAG model. The scale bar is 0.05. The GenBank accession numbers are as follows: Homo sapiens Sox9, NP_000337.1; Mus musculus Sox9, NP_035578.3; Gallus gallus Sox9, NP_989612.1; Alligator sinensis Sox9, XP_006029531.1; Xenopus laevis Sox9, NP_001087942.1; Rhincodon typus Sox9, XP_020382797.1; Lates calarifer Sox9a, XP_018541051.1; Stegastes partitus Sox9a, XP_0082905125.1; Paralichthys olivaceus Sox9a, unpublished; Cynoglossus semilaevis Sox9a, XP_008313399.1; Takifugu rubripes Sox9a, AAQ18508.1; Cynoglossus semilaevis Sox9b, XP_016895678.1; Stegastes partitus Sox9b, XP_008301579.1; Lates calarifer Sox9b, XP_018536323.1; Takifugu rubripes Sox9b, AAL32172.1; Paralichthys olivaceus Sox9b, ACO40490.1; Lates calarifer Sox8, AKI32583.1; Stegastes partitus Sox8, XP_008301648.1; Cynoglossus semilaevis Sox8, XP_008328025.1; Takifugu rubripes Sox8, NP_001072112.1.
Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree of PoSox9a and PoSox9b in comparison with Sox9 and Sox8 proteins in other representative vertebrates using predicted amino acid sequences. The two triangular symbols in the picture indicate the two Sox9 in Paralichthy olivaceus. The phylogenic tree was generated by MEGA6.0 with the WAG model. The scale bar is 0.05. The GenBank accession numbers are as follows: Homo sapiens Sox9, NP_000337.1; Mus musculus Sox9, NP_035578.3; Gallus gallus Sox9, NP_989612.1; Alligator sinensis Sox9, XP_006029531.1; Xenopus laevis Sox9, NP_001087942.1; Rhincodon typus Sox9, XP_020382797.1; Lates calarifer Sox9a, XP_018541051.1; Stegastes partitus Sox9a, XP_0082905125.1; Paralichthys olivaceus Sox9a, unpublished; Cynoglossus semilaevis Sox9a, XP_008313399.1; Takifugu rubripes Sox9a, AAQ18508.1; Cynoglossus semilaevis Sox9b, XP_016895678.1; Stegastes partitus Sox9b, XP_008301579.1; Lates calarifer Sox9b, XP_018536323.1; Takifugu rubripes Sox9b, AAL32172.1; Paralichthys olivaceus Sox9b, ACO40490.1; Lates calarifer Sox8, AKI32583.1; Stegastes partitus Sox8, XP_008301648.1; Cynoglossus semilaevis Sox8, XP_008328025.1; Takifugu rubripes Sox8, NP_001072112.1.
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Figure 3. Comparison of genomic organizations of sox9 between teleosts and tetrapods. Exons are shown in the black wedge, introns are shown in the straight line, and untranslated regions (UTRs) are shown in the gray box. GenBank accession numbers of these sequences are the same as those used in the phylogenetic analysis.
Figure 3. Comparison of genomic organizations of sox9 between teleosts and tetrapods. Exons are shown in the black wedge, introns are shown in the straight line, and untranslated regions (UTRs) are shown in the gray box. GenBank accession numbers of these sequences are the same as those used in the phylogenetic analysis.
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Figure 4. Expression of Posox9a and Posox9b mRNA in tissues quantified by qRT-PCR. (A) Posox9a; (B) Posox9b. Abbreviations: H: heart; L: liver; S: spleen; K: kidney; B: brain; G: gill; M: muscle; I: intestine; T: testis; O: ovary. Data are shown as mean ± Standard Error of Mean (SEM) (n = 3). ** indicates statistical significance (p < 0.01).
Figure 4. Expression of Posox9a and Posox9b mRNA in tissues quantified by qRT-PCR. (A) Posox9a; (B) Posox9b. Abbreviations: H: heart; L: liver; S: spleen; K: kidney; B: brain; G: gill; M: muscle; I: intestine; T: testis; O: ovary. Data are shown as mean ± Standard Error of Mean (SEM) (n = 3). ** indicates statistical significance (p < 0.01).
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Ijms 19 00512 g005a 550Ijms 19 00512 g005b 550
Figure 5. Expression of Posox9a and Posox9b mRNA in the gonads detected by ISH. (A) Posox9a; (B) Posox9b. The positive signals were stained as purple or blue, whereas the negative control with sense probe hybridization was unstained. Abbreviations: Se, Sertoli cells; Sc, spermatocytes; St, spermatid; Oo, oogonia; Oc, oocytes. Scale bars = 100 μm.
Figure 5. Expression of Posox9a and Posox9b mRNA in the gonads detected by ISH. (A) Posox9a; (B) Posox9b. The positive signals were stained as purple or blue, whereas the negative control with sense probe hybridization was unstained. Abbreviations: Se, Sertoli cells; Sc, spermatocytes; St, spermatid; Oo, oogonia; Oc, oocytes. Scale bars = 100 μm.
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Figure 6. The expression of sox9a and sox9b genes during gonadal differentiation determined by qRT-PCR analysis. Genetic males and females were distinguished at 30, 60, 80 and 100 days after hatching (dah) according to the expression level of amh (A–D). Numbers 1 to 10 indicate ten individuals. The symbol ♂ indicates genetic males, while the others are genetic females. (E–H) mRNA levels of sox9a in these corresponding genetic male and female gonads from 30 to 100 dah. (I–L) mRNA levels of sox9b in these corresponding genetic male and female gonads from 30 to 100 dah.
Figure 6. The expression of sox9a and sox9b genes during gonadal differentiation determined by qRT-PCR analysis. Genetic males and females were distinguished at 30, 60, 80 and 100 days after hatching (dah) according to the expression level of amh (A–D). Numbers 1 to 10 indicate ten individuals. The symbol ♂ indicates genetic males, while the others are genetic females. (E–H) mRNA levels of sox9a in these corresponding genetic male and female gonads from 30 to 100 dah. (I–L) mRNA levels of sox9b in these corresponding genetic male and female gonads from 30 to 100 dah.
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Figure 7. qRT-PCR analysis showing Posox9a and Posox9b mRNA levels in the testis. (A) Posox9a; (B) Posox9b. Data of qRT-PCR were expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 3). The same letter used between the groups indicates no significant difference (p > 0.05).
Figure 7. qRT-PCR analysis showing Posox9a and Posox9b mRNA levels in the testis. (A) Posox9a; (B) Posox9b. Data of qRT-PCR were expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 3). The same letter used between the groups indicates no significant difference (p > 0.05).
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Table
Table 1. The average total length (TL) of sampled P. olivaceus larvae.
Table 1. The average total length (TL) of sampled P. olivaceus larvae.
Period30 Dah40 Dah50 Dah60 Dah70 Dah80 Dah90 Dah100 Dah
TL (mm)11.416.624.132.743.650.454.961.4
Table
Table 2. Primers used in this study.
Table 2. Primers used in this study.
Primer NameSequence (5′–3′)Usage
Posox9a-FwATGAATCTCCTCGACCCTTACCORF amplification
Posox9a-RvTCAGGGTCTGGTGAGCTGGORF amplification
Posox9a-qRT-FwAACGAAGGCGAGAAGCGGqRT-PCR
Posox9a-qRT-RvATGGCATTAGGAGAAATGTGCGqRT-PCR
Posox9a-ISH-FwAATCCTCTGTGAGGACTTATTGISH probe
Posox9a-ISH-RvCAGATTCCGTCTCTCTTTCTCISH probe
Posox9b-FwATCTGTGATACGCTGTTCTTTORF amplification
Posox9b-RvCTCTTCACGGCCTGGACORF amplification
Posox9b-qRT-FwGCGAGCAAACGCACATAqRT-PCR
Posox9b-qRT-RvCCAAAGTCGATGTTGAGCTGqRT-PCR
Posox9b-ISH-FwCTTTGAATTGGCTCACAACAGISH probe
Posox9b-ISH-RvACTGATGACACGGTCATATCISH probe
amh-qRT-FWAGCACTGACAGTTTCTCATCCqRT-PCR
amh-qRT-RVGTAAGACTGATCCCGATGAACTGqRT-PCR
18s-qRT-FWGGTAACGGGGAATCAGGGTqRT-PCR
18s-qRT-RVTGCCTTCCTTGGATGTGGTqRT-PCR
β-actin-qRT-FwGAGATGAAGCCCAGAGCAAGAGqRT-PCR
β-actin-qRT-RvCAGCTGTGGTGGTGAAGGAGTAGqRT-PCR

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MDPI and ACS Style

Li, X.; Yu, H.; Wang, Y.; Liu, X.; Liu, Y.; Qu, J.; Wang, X. Roles of Two Sox9 Genes during Gonadal Development in Japanese Flounder: Sex Differentiation, Spermatogenesis and Gonadal Function Maintenance. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 512. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19020512

AMA Style

Li X, Yu H, Wang Y, Liu X, Liu Y, Qu J, Wang X. Roles of Two Sox9 Genes during Gonadal Development in Japanese Flounder: Sex Differentiation, Spermatogenesis and Gonadal Function Maintenance. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(2):512. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19020512

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li, Xiaojing, Haiyang Yu, Yujue Wang, Xiaobing Liu, Yuezhong Liu, Jiangbo Qu, and Xubo Wang. 2018. "Roles of Two Sox9 Genes during Gonadal Development in Japanese Flounder: Sex Differentiation, Spermatogenesis and Gonadal Function Maintenance" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 2: 512. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19020512

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