Developmental Origins of Chronic Kidney Disease: Should We Focus on Early Life?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Evidence for Programming of Kidney Disease in the Human
3. Animal Models of Renal Programming
4. Mechanisms of Renal Programming
4.1. Oxidatice Stress
4.2. Renin-Angiotensin System
4.3. Sodium Transporters
4.4. Renal Sympathetic Activity
4.5. Glucocorticoid Effect
4.6. Epigenetic Regulation
4.7. Sex Differences
5. Changes in Renal Transcriptome in Response to Early-Life Insults
6. Reprogramming Strategy to Prevent the Programming of Kidney Disease
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ACE | Angiotensin converting enzyme |
ARB | Angiotensin receptor blocker |
CAKUT | Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract |
CKD | Chronic Kidney Disease |
DEG | Differentially expressed gene |
DOHaD | Directory of open access journals |
GSH | Glutathione |
HDAC | Histone deacetylases |
KEGG | Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes |
LBW | Low birth weight |
miRNA | MicroRNA |
NaKATPase | Na+/K+ATPase α1 subunit |
NCD | Non-communicable disease |
NCC | Na+/Cl− cotransporter |
NGS | Next-generation sequencing |
NHE3 | Type 3 sodium hydrogen exchanger |
NKCC2 | Na-K-2Cl cotransporter |
PPAR | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor |
RAS | Renin-angiotensin system |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
SEH | Soluble epoxide hydrolase |
STZ | Streptozotocin |
11β-HSD2 | 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 |
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Experimental Model | Renal Phenotype | Age at Evaluation of Nephron Endowment | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Uteroplacental insufficiency | ↑ Apoptosis | 1 day | [30] |
Vitamin A-deficient diet from 3 weeks before mating throughout pregnancy | Not evaluated | 1 day | [31] |
Low sodium diet (0.07%) during pregnancy and lactation | Hypertension at 5 months | 1 week | [32] |
High sodium diet (3%) during pregnancy and lactation | Glomerular hypertrophy, hypertension at 5 month | 1 week | [32] |
Partial ligation of uterine ligation | ↓ GFR, glomerular hypertrophy | 2 weeks | [33] |
Ethanol (1 g/kg/day) at gestational day 13.5 and 14.5 | ↓ GFR at 6 months | 4 weeks | [34] |
Lipopolysaccharide (0.79 mg/kg/day) i.p. at gestational day 8, 10, and 12 | ↓ GFR | 7 weeks | [35] |
Dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg/day) throughout pregnancy | ↓ GFR, glomerular hypertrophy | 2 months | [36] |
Dexamethasone (0.2 mg/kg/day) at gestational day 15 and 16 or 17 and 18 | ↔ GFR, unchanged glomerular morphology | 2 months | [37] |
Low protein diet (8% protein) during lactation | Hypertension at 5 months | 2 months | [38] |
Cyclosporine (3.3 mg/kg/day) from gestational day 10 to postnatal day 7 | ↔ GFR, glomerular hypertrophy | 3 months | [39] |
50% caloric restriction during pregnancy and lactation | ↔ GFR, glomerular hypertrophy, hypertension, tubulointerstitial injury | 3 months | [40] |
Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes during pregnancy | ↔ GFR, hypertension, tuburointerstitial injury | 3 months | [41] |
Multideficient diet during pregnancy | ↑ GFR, glomerular hypertrophy | 3 months | [42] |
Dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg/day) from gestational day 16 to 22. | Hypertension | 4 months | [43] |
Low protein diet (8.5% protein) during pregnancy | ↔ GFR, hypertension | 5.5 months | [44] |
Iron restriction diet (3 mg/kg diet) from 1 week before mating and through pregnancy | Glomerular hypertrophy, hypertension | 18 months | [45] |
Caloric Restriction | Diabetes |
---|---|
Ribosome | Ribosome |
Cell cycle | ABC transporters |
Oocyte meiosis | Complement and coagulation cascades |
DNA replication | Spliceosome |
Fatty acid metabolism | Antigen processing and presentation |
Tryptophan metabolism | Prostate cancer |
Homologous recombination | Drug metabolism |
Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation | Histidine metabolism |
Valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation | Metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 |
Prostate cancer | ECM-receptor interaction |
PPAR signaling pathway | Tryptophan metabolism |
Glutathione metabolism | Glutathione metabolism |
Arginine and proline metabolism | PPAR signaling pathway |
High fructose | High salt |
PPAR signaling pathway | Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) |
Butanoate metabolism | Complement and coagulation cascades |
Arachidonic acid metabolism | Hematopoietic cell lineage |
Fatty acid metabolism | Systemic lupus erythematosus |
Glutathione metabolism | Intestinal immune network for IgA production |
Metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 | Graft-versus-host disease |
Tyrosine metabolism | Allograft rejection |
Drug metabolism |
Gene ID | Gene Symbol | CR | STZ | HF | HS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Expansion and survival of renal stem cells | |||||
ENSRNOG00000012278 | Fgf10 | 0.52 | 0.38 | 0.55 | 0.87 |
Formation and extension of the primary nephric duct | |||||
ENSRNOG00000012819 | Gdnf | 2563 | 1508 | 1836 | 1362 |
ENSRNOG00000008430 | Spry3 | ND | 123 | 1.04 | 278 |
ENSRNOG00000022777 | Six1 | 1.58 | 0.4 | 2.64 | 1.55 |
ENSRNOG00000026053 | Grem1 | 0.57 | 0.47 | 1.21 | 0.83 |
Initiation of metanephric development | |||||
ENSRNOG00000003807 | Wnt9b | 0.75 | 1.27 | 0.49 | 0.85 |
ENSRNOG00000015982 | Wnt11 | 1.18 | 3.37 | 1.29 | 1.3 |
ENSRNOG00000007002 | Lif | 0.36 | 0.64 | 0.95 | 1.12 |
ENSRNOG00000017392 | Fgf2 | 2.07 | 2.9 | 1.54 | 0.82 |
ENSRNOG00000020792 | Etv4 | 0.94 | 2.66 | 1.7 | 1.53 |
Mesoderm patterning | |||||
ENSRNOG00000004210 | Osr1 | 0.27 | 0.46 | 0.61 | 0.57 |
ENSRNOG00000021276 | Bmp2 | 1.72 | 2.39 | 0.86 | 1.05 |
ENSRNOG00000000556 | Nodal | ND | ND | ND | 242 |
Nephron development | |||||
ENSRNOG00000004517 | Igf1 | 0.55 | 0.44 | 0.77 | 0.64 |
ENSRNOG00000004346 | Notch3 | 1.18 | 2.09 | 0.83 | 1.06 |
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Tain, Y.-L.; Hsu, C.-N. Developmental Origins of Chronic Kidney Disease: Should We Focus on Early Life? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 381. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18020381
Tain Y-L, Hsu C-N. Developmental Origins of Chronic Kidney Disease: Should We Focus on Early Life? International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2017; 18(2):381. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18020381
Chicago/Turabian StyleTain, You-Lin, and Chien-Ning Hsu. 2017. "Developmental Origins of Chronic Kidney Disease: Should We Focus on Early Life?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18, no. 2: 381. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18020381