The Flexibility of Ectopic Lipids
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods to Assess Ectopic Lipids
3. The Effect of Physical Exercise on Ectopic Lipids
3.1. Short-Term Effect: Single Bout of Exercise
3.1.1. IMCL
3.1.2. IHCL
3.1.3. ICCL
3.2. Long-Term Effect: Physical Exercise
3.2.1. IMCL
3.2.2. IHCL
3.2.3. ICCL
4. Nutritional Interventions
4.1. IMCL
4.2. IHCL
4.3. ICCL
4.4. Effect of Bariatric Surgery on Ectopic Lipids
5. Genetics and Drugs
5.1. Genetic Background of Ectopic Lipids
5.2. Medical Therapy for Ectopic Lipids
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author (Year) | n | Subjects | Gender | Intervention | IMCL | % Change | Muscle Investigated | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Christ (2016) [67] | 10 | Volunteers with adult-onset GHD | m, f | 2 h exercise at 50%–60% VO2 max on a treadmill | ↓ * | −9.3 to −13.5 | M. tibialis anterior | No significant effect of growth hormone replacement therapy on IMCL and IHCL, IHCL ↑ * |
Bucher (2014) [43] | 10 | Healthy volunteers | m | 2 h exercise on bicycle ergometer at 50%–60% VO2 max | ↓ * | −16.8 | M. vastus intermedius | IHCL ↑ *, ICCL ↓ * |
Egger (2013) [44] | 18 | Healthy volunteers | m, f | 2 h exercise on treadmill at 50%–60% VO2 max | ↓ * | −22.6 | M. tibialis anterior | IHCL ↑ * |
Vermathen (2012) [47] | 8 | Trained cyclists or runners | m | 3 h exercise on bicycle ergometer or treadmill at 50% Wmax | ↓ * | −3 to −50 | Thigh (M. vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, vastus lateralis, adductor magnus, biceps femoris; rectus femoris) or lower leg muscle (tibialis anterior, soleus lateralis, soleus medialis, gastrocnemius lateralis, gastrocnemius medialis, extensor digitorum) | In M. biceps femoris and rectus femoris no significant decrease |
Jenni (2008) [65] | 7 | Physically active men with T1DM | m | 2 h cycling at 55%–60% VO2 max | ↓ * | −11.5 to −16.2 | M. vastus intermedius | |
Trepp (2008) [66] | 15 | Volunteers with adult-onset GHD | m, f | 1 h walking at heart rate corresponding to 50% VO2 max, on three days and low fat diet | ↓ * | −35 to −47.5 ** | M. tibialis anterior | No significant effect of growth hormone replacement therapy on IMCL |
De Bock (2007) [48] | 9 | Physically active men | m | 2 h cycling at 75% VO2 peak | ↓ * | −47 | M. vastus lateralis | |
Zehnder (2006) [37] | 11 | Endurance trained cyclists | m | 3 h cycling at 50% Wmax | ↓ * | −21 to −41 | M. vastus intermedius | |
Zehnder (2005) [49] | 18 | Cyclists or triathletes | m, f | 3 h cycling at 50% Wmax | ↓ * | −42 to −59 | M. vastus intermedius | Larger reduction in males |
Schrauwen-Hinderling (2003) [50] | 8 | Highly trained cyclists | m | 3 h cycling at 55% Wmax | ↓ * | −20.4 | M. vastus lateralis | M. biceps brachii ↑ * |
Van Loon (2003) [51] | 9 | Endurance-trained cyclists | m | 3 h cycling at 55% Wmax | ↓ * | −21 | M. vastus lateralis | No difference between normal and low-fat diet |
White (2003) [46] | 9 | Moderately active | m | 45 min cycling, intervals at 50% and 110% of ventilator threshold | ↓ * | −38 | M. vastus lateralis | |
White (2003) [45] | 18 | Moderately active | m, f | 1 h cycling at 65% VO2 max | ↓ * | −11.5 to −17.1 | M. vastus lateralis | |
Johnson (2003) [52] | 6 | Highly trained cyclists | m | 3 h cycling at 70% VO2 max | ↓ * | −57 to −64 | M. vastus lateralis | Higher IMCL degradation in low carbohydrate condition |
Larson-Meyer (2002) [38] | 7 | Well-trained endurance runners | f | 2 h running at 65% VO2 max | ↓ * | −25 | M. soleus | |
Brechtel (2001) [53] | 12 | Well-trained subjects | m | Running: parallel design 60%–70% VO2 max, 80%–90% VO2 max 21/42 km | ↓ | −10 to −42 | M. tibialis anterior, M. soleus | |
Krssak (2000) [54] | 9 | Trained subjects | m, f | 3–4 bouts of 45 min of running at 65%–70% peak oxygen until exhaustion | ↓ * | −33.5 ** | M. soleus | |
Rico-Sanz (2000) [55] | 5 | Trained subjects | m | 90 min running at 64% VO2 max | ↓ * | −15.7 to −32.2 ** | M. soleus, tibialis, gastrocnemius | in M. gastrocnemius no sign decrease |
Rico-Sanz (1998) [68] | 8 | Trained subjects | m | 13.2 km running, jogging, sprinting | → | +9 to −2.4 ** | M. soleus, gastrocnemius, tibialis |
Author (Year) | n | Subjects | Gender | Intervention | IHCL | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Christ (2016) [67] | 10 | Volunteers with adult-onset GHD | m, f | 2 h exercise at 50%–60% VO2 max on a treadmill | ↑ * | No significant effect of growth hormone replacement therapy on IMCL and IHCL, IMCL ↓ * |
Bilet (2015) [69] | 21 | Overweight subjects | m | 2 h cycling at 50% Wmax | → | |
Bucher (2014) [43] | 10 | Healthy volunteers | m | 2 h cycling at 50%–60% VO2 max | ↑ * | ICCL ↓ *, IMCL ↓ * |
Egger (2013) [44] | 18 | Healthy volunteers | m, f | 2 h aerobic exercise on treadmill at 50%–60% VO2 max | ↑ * | |
Johnson (2012) [70] | 6 | Healthy trained volunteers | m | 90 min cycling at 65% VO2 peak | ↑ * | At 4.5 h post-exercise |
Author (Year) | n | Subjects | Gender | Intervention | IMCL | Comments: Method, Muscle Investigated |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Browning (2012) [23] | 18 | Healthy individuals | m, f | Fasting for 48 h | ↑ * | 1H-MRS M. soleus, only in women, not in men |
Green (2010) [24] | 6 | Healthy physically fit men | m | Fasting for 67 h | ↑ * | 1H-MRS M. vastus lateralis |
Stannard (2002) [25] | 6 | Nondiabetic, physically fit men | m | Fasting for 72 h | ↑ * | 1H-MRS M. vastus lateralis |
Wietek (2004) [26] | 4 | Healthy volunteers | m, f | Fasting for 120 h | ↑ * | 1H-MRS M. tibialis anterior, soleus |
Machann (2011) [27] | 12 | Healthy volunteers | m | Fasting for 12 h | ↓ * | 1H-MRS M. tibialis anterior, soleus |
Bachmann (2001) [28] | 12 | Healthy volunteers | m | High-fat diet for 3 days | ↑ * | 1H-MRS M. tibialis anterior, soleus (increase in M. tibialis, not in M. soleus) |
Sakurai (2011) [29] | 37 | Healthy volunteers | m | Isocaloric, high-fat diet for 3 days | ↑ * | 1H-MRS M. tibialis anterior, M. soleus |
Zderic (2004) [30] | 6 | Endurance-trained cyclists | m | Isocaloric, high-fat diet for 2 days | ↑ * | Biopsy M. vastus lateralis |
Larson-Meyer (2008) [31] | 21 | Endurance-trained runners | m, f | Isoenergetic, high-fat diet for 3 days | ↑ * | Biopsy M. vastus lateralis Sign higher |
Lindeboom (2015) [33] | 9 | Lean healthy subjects | m, f | Single high-energy, high-fat meal | → | 1H-MRS M. tibialis anterior, ↑ * IHCL |
Brechtel (2001) [186] | 5 | Healthy male subjects | m | 5 h hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp and intralipid infusion | ↑ * | 1H-MRS M. tibialis anterior, M. soleus |
Bachmann (2001) [28] | 12 | Healthy volunteers | m | 6 h lipid infusion during hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp | ↑ * | 1H-MRS M. tibialis anterior, M.soleus; only in presence of insulin infusion |
Hoeks (2012) [187] | 9 | Healthy lean males | m | 6 h euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp and lipid or glycerol infusion | ↑ * | Only in long-chain triacylglycerols emulsion, not in medium chain glycerols emulsion Biopsy M. vastus lateralis |
Lee (2013) [188] | 28 | Normal-weight adolescents | m,f | 12 h lipid infusion and 3 h hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp | ↑ * | 1H-MRS M. tibialis anterior |
Brehm (2010) [40] | 8 | Glucose-tolerant volunteers | m | 3 h Euglycemic pancreatic clamp, and intralipid infusion | → | 1H-MRS M. soleus |
Author (Year) | n | Subjects | Gender | Intervention | IHCL | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Van der Meer (2007) [34] | 14 | Healthy, non-obese men | m | 3 days very low calorie diet | ↓ * | ICCL increased |
Browning (2012) [23] | 18 | Healthy individuals | m, f | 48 h fasting | ↑ * | in males, no sign increase in women |
Lindeboom (2015) [33] | 9 | Lean healthy subjects | m, f | Single high-energy, high-fat meal | ↑ * | |
Van der Meer (2008) [35] | 15 | Healthy men | m | 3 days high-fat, high-energy diet | ↑ * | No effect on ICCL |
Bortolotti (2009) [36] | 10 | Healthy young men | m | 4 days hypercaloric high-fat diet | ↑ * | Protein co-ingestion blunts effect of high fat diet |
Johnson (2012) [70] | 6 | Healthy trained males | m | High-fat diet | → | compared to Isocaloric control diet |
Kirk (2009) [211] | 22 | Obese subjects | m, f | 48 h energy-deficient, high-fat diet | ↓ * | |
Ngo Sock (2010) [217] | 11 | Healthy men | m | 7 days hypercaloric, high-fructose diet | ↑ * | |
Lê (2009) [218] | 24 | Healthy offspring of T2DM patients and control subjects | m | 7 days high-fructose diet | ↑ * | also significant increase in IMCL |
Lecoultre (2013) [219] | 55 | Healthy young males | m | 6–7 days high-fructose diet | ↑ * | Only if at least 3 g fructose/kg/day |
Theytaz (2012) [220] | 9 | Healthy male volunteers | m | 6 days high-fructose diet | ↑ * | Supplementation with amino acids blunts increase |
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Loher, H.; Kreis, R.; Boesch, C.; Christ, E. The Flexibility of Ectopic Lipids. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 1554. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17091554
Loher H, Kreis R, Boesch C, Christ E. The Flexibility of Ectopic Lipids. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016; 17(9):1554. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17091554
Chicago/Turabian StyleLoher, Hannah, Roland Kreis, Chris Boesch, and Emanuel Christ. 2016. "The Flexibility of Ectopic Lipids" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, no. 9: 1554. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17091554