Extraction, Chemical Composition, and Antifungal Activity of Essential Oil of Bitter Almond
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Extraction of BAEO
2.2. Chemical Composition of BAEO
2.3. The in Vitro Antifungal Activity
2.4. Effect of Treatment Time on the In Vitro Antifungal Activity of BAEO
2.5. In Vivo Antifungal Activity
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. General
3.2. Materials
3.3. Extraction of BAEO
3.4. Analysis of the Chemical Composition of BAEO
3.5. Assay of the in Vitro Antifungal Activity of BAEO
3.6. Assay of in Vivo Antifungal Activity of BAEO by Pot Test
3.6.1. Assay the Control Effect of BAEO against Gloeosporium orbiculare
- Level 0: The area of disease spots is zero.
- Level 1: The area of disease spots is below 5% of the total area of infected leaf.
- Level 3: The area of disease spots is 6%~10% of the total area of infected leaf.
- Level 5: The area of disease spots is 11%~25% of the total area of infected leaf.
- Level 7: The area of disease spots is 26%~50% of the total area of infected leaf.
- Level 9: The area of disease spots is above 50% of the total area of infected leaf.
3.6.2. Assay of the Control Effect of BAEO against Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compound | TR (min) a | Formula | CAS Number | Relative Content (%) b | SI (min) c |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ethylbenzene | 4.495 | C8H10 | 100-41-4 | 0.69 | 93 |
1,2-xylene | 4.560 | C8H10 | 95-47-6 | 0.18 | 89 |
1,3-xylene | 4.720 | C8H10 | 108-38-3 | 1.56 | 95 |
2-methylundecane | 4.865 | C12H26 | 7045-71-8 | 0.26 | 92 |
tetradecane | 5.040 | C14H30 | 629-59-4 | 0.61 | 93 |
1,4-xylene | 5.405 | C8H10 | 106-42-3 | 0.90 | 95 |
dodecane | 5.585 | C12H36 | 112-40-3 | 1.50 | 95 |
1-ethyl-3-methyl-benzene | 6.145 | C9H12 | 620-14-4 | 1.61 | 84 |
hexadecane | 6.345 | C16H34 | 544-76-3 | 3.97 | 94 |
mesitylene | 7.275 | C9H12 | 108-67-8 | 1.62 | 94 |
1,2,4-trimethylbenzene | 7.320 | C9H12 | 95-63-6 | 0.23 | 88 |
eicosane | 10.600 | C20H42 | 112-95-8 | 2.26 | 94 |
heptadecane | 10.705 | C17H36 | 629-78-7 | 0.39 | 94 |
benzaldehyde | 11.955 | C7H6O | 100-52-7 | 62.52 | 98 |
dodecyl aldehyde | 14.730 | C12H24O | 112-54-9 | 1.18 | 92 |
3-(hydroxy-phenyl-methyl)-2,3-dimethyl-octan-4-one | 16.025 | C17H26O2 | 911800-56-1 | 1.23 | 84 |
benzyl alcohol | 16.865 | C7H8O | 100-51-6 | 1.59 | 87 |
benzyl cyanide | 17.505 | C8H7N | 140-29-4 | 1.06 | 92 |
3-ethyl-2-undecanone | 19.995 | C13H26O | 328078-05-3 | 0.50 | 83 |
3,5-di-tert-butylphenol | 21.335 | C14H22O | 1138-52-9 | 1.24 | 82 |
benzoic acid | 22.835 | C7H6O2 | 65-85-0 | 14.80 | 94 |
Fungi | Average Inhibition Rate ± SD (%) (n = 3) | ||
---|---|---|---|
BAEO | Benzaldehyde | Kresoxim-Methyl | |
FOC | 68.3 ± 0.9a | 62.3 ± 0.5b | 67.2 ± 0.9a |
VM | 50.5 ± 3.0b | 51.4 ± 0.0b | 81.0 ± 1.6a |
PO | 95.3 ± 0.6a | 54.7 ± 2.3c | 82.2 ± 0.2b |
FG | 87.0 ± 0.3b | 81.4 ± 0.4c | 93.2 ± 2.3a |
AA | 80.1 ± 0.2c | 86.7 ± 0.1b | 93.4 ± 0.1a |
AS | 100.0 ± 0.0 | 100.0 ± 0.0 | 100.0 ± 0.0 |
PC | 49.2 ± 2.7b | 39.2 ± 0.9c | 85.1 ± 0.4a |
GF | 91.9 ± 2.0b | 100.0 ± 0.0a | 100.0 ± 0.0a |
FOL | 49.5 ± 0.8b | 35.5 ± 0.6c | 88.8 ± 0.2a |
GO | 100.0 ± 0.0 | 100.0 ± 0.0 | 100.0 ± 0.0 |
VD | 72.5 ± 0.8b | 64.2 ± 0.6c | 82.3 ± 0.1a |
GG | 100.0 ± 0.0 | 100.0 ± 0.0 | 100.0 ± 0.0 |
BC | 100.0 ± 0.0a | 100.0 ± 0.0a | 88.8 ± 2.1b |
FOV | 81.5 ± 0.0 | 40.7 ± 0.0 | 63.0 ± 0.0 |
CL | 88.7 ± 0.1b | 85.8 ± 0.1c | 94.3 ± 0.0a |
FOS | 46.7 ± 1.7c | 74.7 ± 0.8b | 81.2 ± 0.5a |
CG | 44.8 ± 0.6c | 55.8 ± 0.5b | 100.0 ± 0.0a |
FON | 56.4 ± 0.4c | 83.2 ± 0.2b | 100.0 ± 0.0a |
AB | 100.0 ± 0.0a | 28.6 ± 0.0c | 83.2 ± 0.8b |
Fungi | Toxicity Regression Equation a | R2 | EC50 (μg/mL) | 95% CI of LC50 b |
---|---|---|---|---|
FOC | y = 1.4963x + 0.9404 | 0.98 | 511.7 | 451.4–579.9 |
VM | y = 2.4458x − 1.7149 | 0.93 | 610.8 | 531.4–702.1 |
PO | y = 4.0988x − 5.7808 | 0.98 | 429.3 | 408.7– 450.9 |
FG | y = 4.3710x − 7.1765 | 0.97 | 627.9 | 579.0–680.8 |
AA | y = 2.4905x − 1.9416 | 0.96 | 642.0 | 582.6–707.5 |
AS | y = 1.4637x + 2.1046 | 0.96 | 103.2 | 73.4–144.9 |
PC | y = 1.5343x + 0.7563 | 0.92 | 600.5 | 376.0–959.2 |
GF | y = 2.3698x − 0.4715 | 0.93 | 225.9 | 196.7–259.5 |
FOL | y = 1.0912x + 2.2974 | 0.92 | 295.1 | 229.1–379.9 |
GO | y = 2.0324x + 0.3784 | 0.94 | 273.7 | 230.5–325.0 |
VD | y = 1.9931x − 0.0070 | 0.93 | 325.2 | 0.3082–0.5464 |
GG | y = 0.9111x + 2.9284 | 0.98 | 192.0 | 104.2–353.7 |
BC | y = 2.0393x + 0.5824 | 0.99 | 217.0 | 155.2–303.4 |
FOV | y = 2.2360x − 1.0803 | 0.95 | 526.7 | 491.1–564.8 |
CL | y = 1.8933x − 0.0960 | 0.97 | 509.5 | 458.2–566.5 |
FOS | y = 2.8836x − 2.4579 | 0.93 | 423.8 | 363.8–493.8 |
CG | y = 1.2270x + 1.8435 | 0.98 | 381.8 | 353.9–411.8 |
FON | y = 2.2968x − 1.2753 | 0.92 | 569.3 | 490.9–660.2 |
AB | y = 0.8082x + 3.6361 | 0.96 | 50.2 | 42.4–59.3 |
Fungi | Toxicity Regression Equation a | R2 | EC50 (μg/mL) | 95% CI of LC50 b |
---|---|---|---|---|
FOC | y = 0.5028x + 4.4763 | 0.95 | 10.89 | 8.50–13.97 |
VM | y = 0.5030x + 3.9375 | 0.96 | 121.20 | 119.54–120.54 |
PO | y = 0.2362x + 4.5941 | 0.97 | 51.85 | 49.31–52.06 |
FG | y = 0.2814x + 4.8887 | 0.98 | 2.46 | 1.40–5.59 |
AA | y = 0.2910x + 4.7420 | 0.95 | 7.737 | 6.28–9.54 |
AS | y = 1.3929x + 4.4564 | 0.96 | 2.27 | 1.95–2.65 |
PC | y = 0.3661x + 5.0734 | 0.95 | 0.68 | 0.57–0.85 |
GF | y = 0.7777x + 4.4152 | 0.95 | 5.87 | 4.60–6.43 |
FOL | y = 0.4702x + 5.0878 | 0.97 | 0.71 | 0.54–0.93 |
GO | y = 0.6174x + 4.5918 | 0.96 | 4.60 | 3.96–5.34 |
VD | y = 2.3929x +5.4564 | 0.96 | 3.78 | 2.95–4.65 |
GG | - | - | 6.26 c | - |
BC | y = 0.5430x + 3.8613 | 0.95 | 132.3 | 129.81–135.30 |
FOV | y = 0.3288x + 4.5625 | 0.97 | 21.50 | 20.34–25.19 |
CL | y = 0.4778x + 4.0928 | 0.96 | 76.06 | 74.73–80.36 |
FOS | y = 0.4315x + 4.5359 | 0.98 | 11.89 | 10.66–13.25 |
CG | y = 2.3629x + 2.1090 | 0.98 | 15.45 | 14.06–16.98 |
FON | y = 0.2123x + 4.6062 | 0.97 | 71.40 | 69.81–75.22 |
AB | y = 0.4492x + 4.3807 | 0.98 | 24.14 | 21.28–27.38 |
Fungicide | Treatment Time (h) | Inhibition Rate a | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FON | AS | ||||
0.5 (mg/mL) | 1.0 (mg/mL) | 0.5 (mg/mL) | 1.0 (mg/mL) | ||
kresoxim-methyl | 24 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 50.00 | 58.33 |
48 | 88.62 | 91.56 | 83.03 | 85.17 | |
72 | 68.75 | 65.33 | 86.89 | 90.08 | |
BAEO | 24 | 92.13 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
48 | 53.57 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |
72 | 33.33 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Concentration (mg/mL) | Disease Index (%) a | Protective Effect (%) b |
---|---|---|
4 | 6.95 | 88.74 |
6 | 5.12 | 91.33 |
8 | 2.96 | 94.99 |
10 | 1.14 | 98.07 |
12 | 11.74 | 80.13 |
Control | 59.07 | - |
Concentration (mg/mL) | Disease Index (%) a | Therapeutic Effect (%) b |
---|---|---|
4 | 24.45 | 58.61 |
6 | 25.94 | 56.09 |
8 | 14.36 | 79.09 |
10 | 10.65 | 81.97 |
12 | 3.89 | 93.41 |
Control | 59.07 | - |
Concentration (mg/mL) | Disease Index (%) a | Protective Effect (%) b |
---|---|---|
4.0 | 27.38 | 50.99 |
6.0 | 25.87 | 53.70 |
8.0 | 24.34 | 56.43 |
10 | 23.45 | 58.03 |
12 | 21.56 | 61.41 |
Control | 55.87 | - |
Concentration (mg/mL) | Disease Index (%) a | Therapeutic Effect (%) b |
---|---|---|
4.0 | 35.37 | 36.69 |
6.0 | 38.89 | 30.39 |
8.0 | 39.85 | 28.76 |
10 | 31.77 | 43.14 |
12 | 27.18 | 51.35 |
Control | 55.87 | - |
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Geng, H.; Yu, X.; Lu, A.; Cao, H.; Zhou, B.; Zhou, L.; Zhao, Z. Extraction, Chemical Composition, and Antifungal Activity of Essential Oil of Bitter Almond. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 1421. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17091421
Geng H, Yu X, Lu A, Cao H, Zhou B, Zhou L, Zhao Z. Extraction, Chemical Composition, and Antifungal Activity of Essential Oil of Bitter Almond. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016; 17(9):1421. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17091421
Chicago/Turabian StyleGeng, Huiling, Xinchi Yu, Ailin Lu, Haoqiang Cao, Bohang Zhou, Le Zhou, and Zhong Zhao. 2016. "Extraction, Chemical Composition, and Antifungal Activity of Essential Oil of Bitter Almond" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, no. 9: 1421. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17091421