Titanium Dioxide Particle Type and Concentration Influence the Inflammatory Response in Caco-2 Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Characterization of Suspensions of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Particles
2.2. Effects of Exposure on Cell Viability
2.3. Effects of Exposure on Accumulation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
2.4. Effects of Exposure on Interleukin (IL)-1β Levels in THP-1 Macrophages
2.5. Effects of Exposure on Expression of IL-8 in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) Cells
3. Discussion
4. Experimental Section
4.1. TiO2 Particles Preparation and Characterization
4.2. Cell Culture
4.3. Cell Viability Assay
4.4. Measurement of ROS Production
4.5. Measurement of IL-1β Production
4.6. Analysis of IL-8 Expression
4.7. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
NPs | nanoparticles |
TiO2 | titanium dioxide |
DLS | dynamic light scattering |
PdI | polydispersity index |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
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Particles | Primary Diameter (nm) | Medium | Hydrodynamic Size (nm) | PdI | ζ Potential (mV) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A50 | 50 | RPMI1640 (10% FBS) | 205.30 ± 4.88 | 0.319 ± 0.007 | −11.86 ± 1.47 |
DMEM (10% FBS) | 227.78 ± 3.62 | 0.291 ± 0.012 | −11.31 ± 0.39 | ||
A100 | 100 | RPMI1640 (10% FBS) | 262.10 ± 4.66 | 0.191 ± 0.026 | −11.66 ± 1.38 |
DMEM (10% FBS) | 253.40 ± 4.11 | 0.171 ± 0.010 | −11.84 ± 1.74 | ||
R50 | 50 | RPMI1640 (10% FBS) | 193.28 ± 1.37 | 0.120 ± 0.032 | −13.15 ± 1.05 |
DMEM (10% FBS) | 194.20 ± 2.14 | 0.123 ± 0.011 | −11.66 ± 0.64 | ||
R250 | 250 | RPMI1640 (10% FBS) | 439.13 ± 8.665 | 0.163 ± 0.010 | −12.18 ± 0.59 |
DMEM (10% FBS) | 441.28 ± 6.65 | 0.155 ± 0.025 | −11.75 ± 1.14 | ||
P25 | 21 | RPMI1640 (10% FBS) | 181.55 ± 1.10 | 0.153 ± 0.014 | −13.10 ± 1.57 |
DMEM (10% FBS) | 193.85 ± 1.86 | 0.142 ± 0.008 | −12.26 ± 1.11 |
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Tada-Oikawa, S.; Ichihara, G.; Fukatsu, H.; Shimanuki, Y.; Tanaka, N.; Watanabe, E.; Suzuki, Y.; Murakami, M.; Izuoka, K.; Chang, J.; et al. Titanium Dioxide Particle Type and Concentration Influence the Inflammatory Response in Caco-2 Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17, 576. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17040576
Tada-Oikawa S, Ichihara G, Fukatsu H, Shimanuki Y, Tanaka N, Watanabe E, Suzuki Y, Murakami M, Izuoka K, Chang J, et al. Titanium Dioxide Particle Type and Concentration Influence the Inflammatory Response in Caco-2 Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016; 17(4):576. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17040576
Chicago/Turabian StyleTada-Oikawa, Saeko, Gaku Ichihara, Hitomi Fukatsu, Yuka Shimanuki, Natsuki Tanaka, Eri Watanabe, Yuka Suzuki, Masahiko Murakami, Kiyora Izuoka, Jie Chang, and et al. 2016. "Titanium Dioxide Particle Type and Concentration Influence the Inflammatory Response in Caco-2 Cells" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, no. 4: 576. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17040576