Fungi Isolated from Maize (Zea mays L.) Grains and Production of Associated Enzyme Activities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Species Diversity
Genera and Species | Isolate | Geographic Origin (City, State) | GenBank Accession Number | GenBank or Fusarium-ID (FD) Accession Number of Similar Sequences (Percentage of Identity) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aspergillus flavus | PG 24 | Ponta Grossa, PR | KP691048 | KP036603.1 (100%), KM486551.1 (100%) |
Aspergillus sp. | BAN 12 | Bandeirantes, PR | - | # |
Aspergillus sp. | MGA 20 | Maringá, PR | - | # |
Aspergillus wentii | PG 18 | Ponta Grossa, PR | KP691043 | KM409566.1 (100%), AY373884.1 (100%) |
Cladosporium cladosporioides | CMA 15 | Clementina, SP | KP691040 | KJ589558.1 (100%), KF986546.1 (100%) |
C. cladosporioides | CMA 07 | Clementina, SP | KP691034 | KJ589558.1 (100%), JX406506.1 (100%) |
Curvularia sp. | MGI 04 | Mandaguari, PR | - | # |
Epicoccum nigrum | PG 16 | Ponta Grossa, PR | KP691041 | JX844158.1 (100%), KJ934366.1 (99%) |
E. nigrum | PG 23 | Ponta Grossa, PR | KP691047 | KF990155.1 (99%), KC005662.1 (99%) |
E. nigrum | CMA 14 | Clementina, SP | KP691039 | JX844158.1 (100%), KJ934366.1 (99%) |
Epicoccum sorghinum | CO 11 | Cruzeiro do Oeste, PR | KP691037 | KM111488.1 (100%), KP050561.1 (99%) |
Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti * | RV 18-1 | Rio Verde, GO | KP336404 | KF962948.1 (97%), FD_01623 (97.5%) |
F. incarnatum-equiseti * | CMA 1-2 | Clementina, SP | KP336405 | KF962948.1 (97%), FD_01623 (97.5%) |
F. incarnatum-equiseti * | CMA 5-1 | Clementina, SP | KP336406 | KF962948.1 (97%), FD_01623 (97.5%) |
Fusarium subglutinans * | RV 23-2 | Rio Verde, GO | KP336408 | JX867945.1 (100%), KC964122.1 (98%) |
F. subglutinans * | PG 1-2 | Ponta Grossa, PR | KP336409 | KC964122.1 (99%), JF270302.1 (99%), |
Fusarium verticillioides | CMA 3-1 | Clementina, SP | KP691051 | KJ125822.1 (100%), KJ125764.1 (100%) |
F. verticillioides | RV 8-1 | Rio Verde, GO | KP691052 | KJ125822.1 (100%), KJ125764.1 (100%) |
F. verticillioides | BAN 4-2 | Bandeirantes, PR | KP691053 | KJ125822.1 (100%), KJ125764.1 (100%) |
F. verticillioides | MGI 1-1 | Mandaguari, PR | KP691054 | KJ125822.1 (100%), KJ125764.1 (100%) |
F. verticillioides | BAN 2-2 | Bandeirantes, PR | KP691055 | KJ125822.1 (100%), KJ125764.1 (100%) |
F. verticillioides | MGA 5-1 | Maringá, PR | KP691056 | KJ125822.1 (100%), KJ125764.1 (100%) |
F. verticillioides | RV 12-2 | Rio Verde, GO | KP691057 | KJ125822.1 (100%), KJ125764.1 (100%) |
F. verticillioides | MGA 2-2 | Maringá, PR | KP691058 | KJ125822.1 (100%), KJ125764.1 (100%) |
F. verticillioides | CMA 2-1 | Clementina, SP | KP691059 | KJ125822.1 (100%), KJ125764.1 (100%) |
F. verticillioides | CPÃ 1-1 | Camapuã, MS | KP691060 | KJ125822.1 (100%), KJ125764.1 (100%) |
F. verticillioides * | MGI 3-2 | Mandaguari, PR | KP336410 | KF715263.1 (100%), KC599244.1 (99%) |
F. verticillioides * | RV 12-2 | Rio Verde, GO | KP336411 | KF715263.1 (100%), KC599244.1 (99%) |
F. verticillioides * | PG 4-1 | Ponta Grossa, PR | KP336412 | KF715263.1 (100%), KC599244.1 (99%) |
Fusarium andiyazi * | RV 27-1 | Rio Verde, GO | KP336407 | JX974611.1 (99%), KC954401.1 (98%) |
Fusarium graminearum | MGI 21 | Mandaguari, PR | KP691045 | KM513614.1 (100%), KF624778.1 (100%) |
Fusarium nygamai * | RV 27-2 | Rio Verde, GO | KP336403 | JF740790.1 (95%), HM243236.1 (95%) |
Hyphopichia burtonii | CMA 09 | Clementina, SP | KP691036 | KP132302.1 (99%), EU714323.1 (98%) |
Irpex lacteus | CMA 19 | Clementina, SP | KP691044 | LN714557.1 (100%), KJ831879.1 (100%) |
Microdochium nivale | PG 22 | Ponta Grossa, PR | KP691046 | JX280606.1 (98%), EF187912.1 (92%), |
Mucor fragilis | CMA 25 | Clementina, SP | KP691049 | JQ972063.1 (99%), FN650655.1 (99%) |
Mucor sp. | CO 10 | Cruzeiro do Oeste, PR | - | # |
Penicillium digitatum | RV 06 | Rio Verde, GO | KP691033 | AY373910.1 (100%), KJ834506.1 (100%) |
Penicillium sp. | MGI 01 | Mandaguari, PR | - | # |
Phlebiopsis gigantea | CMA 08 | Clementina, SP | KP691035 | JQ781838.1 (98%), FJ791151.1 (98%) |
Sarocladium zeae | PG 1-1 | Ponta Grossa, PR | KP691050 | KP132614.1 (100%), KJ188657.1 (98%) |
Stenocarpella maydis | MGI 03 | Mandaguari, PR | KP691031 | KM030331.1 (100%), KC311732.1 (100%) |
Talaromyces purpureogenus | MGI 05 | Mandaguari, PR | KP691032 | JX157861.1 (99%), JQ422620.1 (99%) |
T. purpureogenus | PG 17 | Ponta Grossa, PR | KP691042 | JX157861.1 (99%), JQ422620.1 (99%) |
T. purpureogenus | MGI 02 | Mandaguari, PR | KP691030 | JX157861.1 (99%), JQ422620.1 (99%) |
Trichoderma harzianum | CO 13 | Cruzeiro do Oeste, PR | KP691038 | KP050785.1 (100%), KF624792.1 (100%) |
2.2. Extracellular Enzyme Activities
Fungal Strain | Strain | Amylase * | Cellulase * | Protease * | Lipase * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. flavus | PG 24 | 1.24 ± 0.08 b | 1.78 ± 0.03 b | 1.17 ± 0.01 b | 1.24 ± 0.04 f |
A. wentii | PG 18 | 3.33 ± 0.49 a | 3.92 ± 0.51 a | - | 3.01 ± 0.20 c |
Aspergillus sp. | BAN 12 | 1.04 ± 0.00 b | 1.84 ± 0.81 b | - | 1.15 ± 0.06 f |
Aspergillus sp. | MGA 20 | 1.31 ± 0.04 b | 1.57 ± 0.04 b | - | 1.82 ± 0.08 e |
C. cladosporioides | CMA 07 | - | 4.47 ± 0.50 a | 2.27 ± 0.31 a | 5.60 ± 0.69 a |
C. cladosporioides | CMA 15 | 2.20 ± 0.40 b | 4.13 ± 0.50 a | 2.33 ± 0.31 a | 5.67 ± 0.31 a |
Curvularia sp. | MGI 04 | 1.04 ± 0.00 b | 1.36 ± 0.04 b | 1.29 ± 0.03 b | - |
E. nigrum | CMA 14 | 1.46 ± 0.08 b | 1.62 ± 0.16 b | 1.31 ± 0.06 b | 1.77 ± 0.18 e |
E. nigrum | PG 16 | 2.25 ± 0.00 b | 2.40 ± 0.36 b | 1.69 ± 0.63 b | 2.97 ± 0.69 c |
E. nigrum | PG 23 | 1.92 ± 0.62 b | 1.67 ± 0.11 b | 1.09 ± 0.00 b | 2.21 ± 0.29 d |
E. sorghinum | CO 11 | 1.18 ± 0.03 b | 1.85 ± 0.08 b | 1.04 ± 0.04 b | 1.84 ± 0.28 e |
F. andiyazi | RV 27-1 | - | - | - | - |
F. graminearum | MGI 21 | - | - | - | - |
F. incarnatum-equiseti | RV 18-1 | - | - | - | 2.00 ± 0.00 d |
F. incarnatum-equiseti | CMA 1-2 | - | - | - | 2.14 ± 0.05 d |
F. nygamai | RV 27-2 | - | - | - | - |
F. subglutinans | RV 23-2 | - | - | - | 1.70 ± 0.19 e |
F. subglutinans | PG 1-2 | - | - | 1.29 ± 0.07 b | 1.64 ± 0.20 e |
F. verticillioides | MGI 3-2 | - | - | - | - |
F. verticillioides | RV 12-2 | - | - | - | - |
F. verticillioides | PG 4-1 | - | - | - | 1.26 ± 0.01 f |
H. burtonii | CMA 09 | 4.37 ± 1.64 a | 2.10 ± 0.07 b | - | 2.23 ± 0.67 d |
I. lacteus | CMA 19 | 3.90 ± 0.00 a | - | - | 2.01 ± 0.04 d |
M. fragilis | CMA 25 | - | - | 1.13 ± 0.02 b | 1.08 ± 0.05 f |
Mucor sp. | CO 10 | - | - | 1.42 ± 0.03 b | 1.31 ± 0.03 f |
P. digitatum | RV 06 | - | 3.67 ± 0.31 a | - | 3.87 ± 0.12 b |
Penicillium sp. | MGI 01 | 1.74 ± 0.04 b | 2.31 ± 0.10 b | 1.53 ± 0.08 b | 1.60 ± 0.05 e |
S. maydis | MGI 03 | - | 1.36 ± 0.04 b | - | 1.36 ± 0.04 f |
S. zeae | PG 1-1 | 1.47 ± 0.20 b | 1.84 ± 0.03 b | 1.91 ± 0.09 a | 2.90 ± 0.18 c |
T. purpureogenus | MGI 02 | - | 1.71 ± 0.09 b | - | 1.31 ± 0.11 f |
T. harzianum | CO 13 | - | - | 1.27 ± 0.06 b | - |
T. purpureogenus | MGI 05 | 1.04 ± 0.00 b | 1.42 ± 0.04 b | - | 1.40 ± 0.24 f |
T. purpureogenus | PG 17 | - | 1.76 ± 0.05 b | - | - |
2.3. Amylolytic Activity
2.4. Cellulolytic Activity
2.5. Proteolytic Activity
2.6. Lipolytic Activity
2.7. Quantitative Analysis of Enzyme Production
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Fungal Isolates
3.2. Molecular Identification of the Isolates
3.3. Detection of Extracellular Enzymatic Activity
3.4. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Abe, C.A.L.; Faria, C.B.; De Castro, F.F.; De Souza, S.R.; Santos, F.C.d.; Da Silva, C.N.; Tessmann, D.J.; Barbosa-Tessmann, I.P. Fungi Isolated from Maize (Zea mays L.) Grains and Production of Associated Enzyme Activities. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 15328-15346. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160715328
Abe CAL, Faria CB, De Castro FF, De Souza SR, Santos FCd, Da Silva CN, Tessmann DJ, Barbosa-Tessmann IP. Fungi Isolated from Maize (Zea mays L.) Grains and Production of Associated Enzyme Activities. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2015; 16(7):15328-15346. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160715328
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbe, Camila Agnes Lumi, Carla Bertechini Faria, Fausto Fernandes De Castro, Sandra Regina De Souza, Fabiane Cristina dos Santos, Cleiltan Novais Da Silva, Dauri José Tessmann, and Ione Parra Barbosa-Tessmann. 2015. "Fungi Isolated from Maize (Zea mays L.) Grains and Production of Associated Enzyme Activities" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16, no. 7: 15328-15346. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160715328