Atrazine Causes Autophagy- and Apoptosis-Related Neurodegenerative Effects in Dopaminergic Neurons in the Rat Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Results
2.1.1. Body Weight and Physical Appearance
2.1.2. Effects of ATR on Histopathology
2.1.3. ATR Reduces TH-Positive Neurons in Rat Ventral Midbrain
2.1.4. ATR Alters the mRNA Levels of Several Autophagy- and Apoptosis-Related Genes
2.1.5. Effect of ATR on the Amounts of Autophagy- and Apoptosis- Related Proteins
2.2. Discussion
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Ethics Statement
3.2. Chemicals and Reagents
3.3. Animals and Treatments
3.4. Histopathological Evaluation
3.4.1. Light Microscopy
3.4.2. Transmission Electron Microscopy
3.4.3. Immunohistochemical Assays and Neuronal Counting
3.4.4. RNA Isolation and Reverse Transcription
3.4.5. Quantitative Real-Time PCR
Gene | Primer (5′→3′) | Product Size (bp) |
---|---|---|
β-actin | Forward: TGTTGGCATAGAGGTCTTTACGGReverse: TGGGTATGGAATCCTGTGGCA | 90 |
Beclin-1 | Forward: GATGGTGTCTCTCGCAGATTCReverse: CTGTGCATTCCTCACAGAGTG | 138 |
Bcl-xl | Forward: GCCACCTACCTGAATGACCACCReverse: TGAGCCCAGCAGAACTACACCA | 174 |
Bcl-2 | Forward: GGCATCCCAGCCTCCGTTAT”Reverse: GTGTGTGGGGAGCGTCAATA | 121 |
Caspase-9 | Forward: TCTACAAGGCAAGCCCAAGCReverse: CGTCCATCTGGTCATCTATTCC | 169 |
TH | Forward: GTTCATCDDACGGCGACAGAReverse: ATGCCATATCATCGTCAGTTCCAC | 152 |
LC3-II | Forward: AGAGCGAGAGAGATGAAGACGGReverse: TTGCCTTGGTAGGGGCTTAACA | 125 |
3.4.6. Western Blotting
3.4.7. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Song, X.-Y.; Li, J.-N.; Wu, Y.-P.; Zhang, B.; Li, B.-X. Atrazine Causes Autophagy- and Apoptosis-Related Neurodegenerative Effects in Dopaminergic Neurons in the Rat Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic System. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 13490-13506. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160613490
Song X-Y, Li J-N, Wu Y-P, Zhang B, Li B-X. Atrazine Causes Autophagy- and Apoptosis-Related Neurodegenerative Effects in Dopaminergic Neurons in the Rat Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic System. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2015; 16(6):13490-13506. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160613490
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Xiao-Yao, Jia-Nan Li, Yan-Ping Wu, Bo Zhang, and Bai-Xiang Li. 2015. "Atrazine Causes Autophagy- and Apoptosis-Related Neurodegenerative Effects in Dopaminergic Neurons in the Rat Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic System" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16, no. 6: 13490-13506. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160613490