The Influence of AHI1 Variants on the Diagnosis and Treatment Outcome in Schizophrenia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
Variable | Schizophrenia | Controls (n = 345) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total Sample (n = 426) | Sample with Follow-up (n = 238) | |||
Gender | Males | 198 (46.5%) | 136 (57.1%) | 138 (40%) |
Females | 181 (42.5%) | 102 (42.9%) | 207 (60%) | |
Missing | 47 (11.0%) | |||
Age (years) | 36.2 ± 11.73 | 37 ± 12.16 | 43.39 ± 14.05 | |
PANSS total score | Baseline | 93.91 ± 13.55 | 94.02 ± 13.95 | |
Discharge | NA | 76.63 ± 8.96 | ||
Age at onset (years) | 23.65 ± 6.6 | 23.28 ± 6.5 | ||
Family history of psychiatric disorders | Yes | 65 (15.2%) | 38 (16.0%) | |
No | 317 (74.4%) | 200 (84.0%) | ||
Missing | 44 (10.3%) | |||
Suicide attempts | Yes | 73 (17.1%) | 46 (19.3%) | |
No | 309 (72.5%) | 192 (80.7%) | ||
Missing | 44 (10.3%) |
SNPs | Position a | HWE’s p-Value | Location | Schizophrenia (n = 426) | Controls (n = 345) | χ2 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alleles | ||||||||
rs11154801 | 135739355 | 1.0 | Intron | C | 671 (78.8) | 542 (78.5) | 0.01 | 0.92 |
A | 181 (21.2) | 148 (21.4) | ||||||
rs7750586 | 135827673 | 0.6839 | Promoter | T | 680 (79.8) | 551 (79.8) | 0.001 | 0.98 |
C | 172 (20.2) | 139 (20.1) | ||||||
rs9647635 | 135841056 | 0.7021 | Intron | A | 718 (84.3) | 551 (79.9) | 5.10 | 0.02 |
C | 134 (15.7) | 139 (20.1) | ||||||
rs9321501 | 135641417 | 1.0 | Intron | A | 634 (74.4) | 527 (76.4) | 0.79 | 0.37 |
C | 218 (25.6) | 163 (23.6) | ||||||
Genotypes | ||||||||
rs11154801 | 135739355 | 1.0 | Intron | C/C | 266 (62.4) | 213 (61.7) | 0.10 | 0.94 |
A/C | 139 (32.6) | 116 (33.6) | ||||||
A/A | 21 (4.9) | 16 (4.6) | ||||||
rs7750586 | 135827673 | 0.6839 | Promoter | T/T | 273 (64.1) | 220 (63.8) | 0.10 | 0.95 |
C/T | 134 (31.5) | 111 (32.2) | ||||||
C/C | 19 (4.5) | 14 (4.0) | ||||||
rs9647635 | 135841056 | 0.7021 | Intron | A/A | 302 (70.9) | 221 (64.1) | 5.20 | 0.07 |
A/C | 114 (26.8) | 109 (31.6) | ||||||
C/C | 10 (2.3) | 15 (4.3) | ||||||
rs9321501 | 135641417 | 1.0 | Intron | A/A | 236 (55.4) | 204 (59.1) | 1.13 | 0.57 |
A/C | 162 (38.0) | 119 (34.5) | ||||||
C/C | 28 (6.6) | 22 (6.4) |
2.1. Differences between Genotype and Allele Frequencies in SCZ Patients and Healthy Controls
rs11154801 | rs7750586 | rs9647635 | rs9321501 | Cases Hap-Freq a | Controls Hap-Freq a | p-Value | Sim b p-Value | Odds Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | C | C | C | 0.14 | 0.18 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.82 (0.62–1.09) |
C | T | A | A | 0.70 | 0.74 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 1 (NA) |
A | C | C | A | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.77 (0.35–1.69) |
C | T | A | C | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 1.46 (0.92–2.30) |
A | T | A | C | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 2.45 (0.86–6.99) |
A | C | A | C | 0.03 | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 18.85 (1.89–187.55) |
2.2. AHI1 Variants and Clinical Improvement in SCZ Subjects
rs11154801 | rs7750586 | rs9647635 | rs9321501 | Hap-Freq | p-Value | Sim p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | C | C | C | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.17 |
A | C | C | A | 0.02 | 0.48 | 0.42 |
C | T | A | A | 0.72 | 0.68 | 0.68 |
A | T | A | C | 0.02 | 0.52 | 0.48 |
A | C | A | C | 0.02 | 0.45 | 0.41 |
C | T | A | C | 0.07 | 0.41 | 0.41 |
3. Methods
3.1. Subjects
3.2. Statistical Analyses
3.3. Genotyping
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Porcelli, S.; Pae, C.-U.; Han, C.; Lee, S.-J.; Patkar, A.A.; Masand, P.S.; Balzarro, B.; Alberti, S.; De Ronchi, D.; Serretti, A. The Influence of AHI1 Variants on the Diagnosis and Treatment Outcome in Schizophrenia. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 2517-2529. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16022517
Porcelli S, Pae C-U, Han C, Lee S-J, Patkar AA, Masand PS, Balzarro B, Alberti S, De Ronchi D, Serretti A. The Influence of AHI1 Variants on the Diagnosis and Treatment Outcome in Schizophrenia. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2015; 16(2):2517-2529. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16022517
Chicago/Turabian StylePorcelli, Stefano, Chi-Un Pae, Changsu Han, Soo-Jung Lee, Ashwin A. Patkar, Prakash S. Masand, Beatrice Balzarro, Siegfried Alberti, Diana De Ronchi, and Alessandro Serretti. 2015. "The Influence of AHI1 Variants on the Diagnosis and Treatment Outcome in Schizophrenia" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16, no. 2: 2517-2529. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16022517