Mycoflora and Ochratoxin A Control in Wheat Grain Using Natural Extracts Obtained from Wine Industry By-Products
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Antioxidant Properties of Natural Extracts
2.2. The Impact of Treatment with Natural Extracts and BHT on OTA Accumulation
2.3. Impact of Grape Extracts and BHT Treatment on Natural Mycoflora
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Material
3.2. Processing of GSE and GPE
3.3. Samples Treatments
3.4. Total Phenols Assay
3.5. Antioxidant Activity (FRAP Assay)
3.6. Incubation and Direct Plating
3.7. Mycotoxins Analysis
3.8. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
- Conflict of InterestsThe author declares that they have no competing interests.
Abbreviations
OTA | ochratoxin A |
BHA | butylated hydroxianisole |
BHT | butylated hydroxytoluene |
PP | propyl paraben |
GSE | grape seeds extract |
GPE | grape pomace extract |
C | control (untreated sample) |
FRAP | ferric reducing antioxidant power |
SCI | seed contamination index |
Fr | isolation frequency of genera |
RD | relative density |
AFPA | Aspergillus flavus and parasiticus agar medium |
DRBC | dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol agar medium |
DG18 | dichloran 18% glycerol agar medium |
RSDr | repeatability |
RSDR | reproducibility |
LOD | minimum limit of detection |
LOQ | limit of quantification. |
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Sample | FRAP Value (μmol Fe2+/g) | Total Phenolics (μmol gallic acid/g) |
---|---|---|
GSE | 1042.38 ± 38.69 | 795.83 ± 32.18 |
GPE | 804.17 ± 29.54 | 561.28 ± 26.41 |
BHT | 1328.14 ± 56.71 | - |
Sample | OTA (ppb) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Period (days) | |||||
0 | 7 | 14 | 21 | 28 | |
Control | 12.93 ± 0.17 | 13.15 ± 0.35 ns | 13.32 ± 0.26 ns | 13.67 ± 0.25 * | 14.12 ± 0.32 *** |
500 ppm GSE | 12.93 ± 0.17 | 13.41 ± 0.29 ns | 12.28 ± 0.34 * | 11.07 ± 0.32 *** | 10.28 ± 0.47 *** |
1000 ppm GSE | 12.93 ± 0.17 | 12.08 ± 0.29 * | 11.29 ± 0.36 * | 10.90 ± 0.34 ** | 10.38 ± 0.37 *** |
2500 ppm GSE | 12.93 ± 0.17 | 11.68±0.46 * | 10.62 ± 0.49 * | 11.09 ± 0.39 * | 9.42 ± 0.41 *** |
500 ppm GPE | 12.93±0.17 | 12.78 ± 0.37 ns | 11.68 ± 0.35 ** | 10.83 ± 0.44 ** | 8.89 ± 0.48 *** |
1000 ppm GPE | 12.93±0.17 | 14.49 ± 0.43 * | 11.21 ± 0.50 ** | 10.98 ± 0.54 ** | 9.00 ± 0.44 *** |
2500 ppm GPE | 12.93±0.17 | 12.27 ± 0.57 ns | 11.96 ± 0.52 ns | 10.45 ± 0.34 *** | 9.01 ± 0.32 *** |
500 ppm BHT | 12.93±0.17 | 11.98 ± 0.33 * | 10.79 ± 0.36 ** | 10.33 ± 0.45 ** | 10.17 ± 0.37 ** |
1000 ppm BHT | 12.93±0.17 | 10.48 ± 0.38 * | 9.55 ± 0.46 ** | 9.43 ± 0.32 ** | 9.32 ± 0.27 ** |
2500 ppm BHT | 12.93±0.17 | 15.09 ± 0.43 * | 10.74 ± 0.45 ** | 9.86 ± 0.48 ** | 9.12 ± 0.33 *** |
Sample | SCI (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Period (days) | |||||
0 | 7 | 14 | 21 | 28 | |
Control | 83.33 ± 5.77 | 80.00 ± 0.00 ns | 83.33 ± 5.77 ns | 76.67 ± 5.77 ns | 76.67 ± 5.77 ns |
500 ppm GSE | 83.33 ± 5.77 | 80.00 ± 0.00 ns | 50.00 ± 0.00 ** | 36.67 ± 5.77 *** | 43.33 ± 5.77 ** |
1000 ppm GSE | 83.33 ± 5.77 | 90.00 ± 0.00 ns | 56.67 ± 5.77 ** | 33.33 ± 5.77 *** | 33.33 ± 5.77 *** |
2500 ppm GSE | 83.33 ± 5.77 | 80.00 ± 0.00 ns | 56.67 ± 5.77 ** | 33.33 ± 5.77 *** | 33.33 ± 5.77 *** |
500 ppm GPE | 83.33 ± 5.77 | 90.00 ± 0.00 ns | 43.33 ± 5.77 ** | 40.00 ± 0.00 ** | 43.33 ± 5.77 ** |
1000 ppm GPE | 83.33 ± 5.77 | 86.66 ± 5.77 ns | 33.33 ± 5.77 ** | 33.33 ± 5.77 ** | 40.00 ± 0.00 ** |
2500 ppm GPE | 83.33 ± 5.77 | 96.66 ± 5.77 ns | 73.33 ± 5.77 * | 40.00 ± 0.00 *** | 53.33 ± 5.77 *** |
500 ppm BHT | 83.33 ± 5.77 | 80.00 ± 10.00 ns | 56.67 ± 5.77 ** | 56.67 ± 5.77 ** | 60.00 ± 0.00 ** |
1000 ppm BHT | 83.33 ± 5.77 | 76.67 ± 5.77 ns | 96.67 ± 5.77 * | 60.00 ± 0.00 *** | 53.33 ± 5.77 *** |
2500 ppm BHT | 83.33 ± 5.77 | 80.00 ± 0.00 ns | 53.33 ± 5.77 ** | 50.00 ± 0.00 ** | 46.67 ± 5.77 ** |
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Alexa, E.; Poiana, M.-A.; Sumalan, R.-M. Mycoflora and Ochratoxin A Control in Wheat Grain Using Natural Extracts Obtained from Wine Industry By-Products. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 4949-4967. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13044949
Alexa E, Poiana M-A, Sumalan R-M. Mycoflora and Ochratoxin A Control in Wheat Grain Using Natural Extracts Obtained from Wine Industry By-Products. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2012; 13(4):4949-4967. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13044949
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlexa, Ersilia, Mariana-Atena Poiana, and Renata-Maria Sumalan. 2012. "Mycoflora and Ochratoxin A Control in Wheat Grain Using Natural Extracts Obtained from Wine Industry By-Products" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13, no. 4: 4949-4967. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13044949