Extreme Multiple Reticulate Origins of the Pteris cadieri Complex (Pteridaceae)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Results
2.1.1. Morphological Discrimination
2.1.2. Cytotypes, Phenology, and Reproductive Systems
2.1.3. Phylogenetic Resolution of Chloroplast DNA Data
2.1.4. Phylogenetic Resolution of PgiC Gene Data
2.1.5. Divergence in Different Geographical Areas and Phenology
2.2. Discussion
2.2.1. Hybrid Origin
2.2.2. Parental Species?
2.2.3. Reticulate Evolution of the Pteris cadieri Complex
2.2.4. Multiple Origins Supported by Genotypic, Geographic, and Phenological Divergence
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Sampling and Phenological Studies
3.2. Ploidy Analysis and Reproductive Systems
3.3. Molecular Methods
3.4. Phylogenetic Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Information
ijms-13-04523-s001.pdfAcknowledgments
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Morph type | Ploidy level | Fertile blades | Sterile blades | Scales |
---|---|---|---|---|
Morph 1 | Diploid | Pedate or pinnate | Pedate, basal pinna straight or incurved | Wide and dark brown center |
Morph 2 | Diploid, tetraploid | Pedate or pinnate, sometimes with digital projects | Pedate, basal pinna straight or incurved | Narrow and dark brown center |
Morph 3 | Diploid | Pinnate, sometimes with digital projects | Pinnate, sometimes with digital projects, basal pinna straight | Wide and dark brown center |
Morph 4 | Diploid | Pinnate, sometimes with digital projects | Bipinnatifid, basal pinna straight | Wide and dark brown center |
Morph 5 | Triploid | Pedate, sometimes with digital projects | Bipinnatifid, basal pinna incurved | Wide and dark brown center |
Morph 6 | Triploid | Irregularly bipinnatifid | Bipinnatifid, basal pinna incurved | Wide and dark brown center |
Morph 7 | Diploid | Almost regularly bipinnatifid | Bipinnatifd, basal pinna straight | Wide and dark brown center |
Morph 8 | Diploid, triploid, tetraploid | Bipinnatifid | Bipinnatifid, basal pinna straight or incurved | Wide and dark brown center |
Primer for Chloroplast DNA | ||
---|---|---|
Primer | Primer sequence (5′→3′) | Origin |
atpB_672 | CAC TSA GAG GRG CTC CCG TAT CAA | [46] |
rbcL_r49R | CAC CAG CTT TGA ATC CAA CAC TTG C | [46] |
atpB 493F | CGA CGA TAC GGR GCC AAA AGA TCC | [47] |
rbcL r158R | AAG ATT CCG CAG CTA CTG CAG CTC C | [47] |
rbcL F1F | ATG TCA CCA CAA ACA GAA ACT AAA GCA AGT | [48] |
rbcL F1379R | TCA CAA GCA GCA GCT AGT TCA GGA CTC | [49] |
rbcL_PF | TAA GTA TCG TGY GGA GGT TRA ATC A | This study |
Primer for PgiC | ||
Primer | Primer sequence (5′→3′) | Origin |
14F | GTG CTT CTG GGT CTT TTG AGT G | [41] |
16R | GTT GTC CAT TAG TTC CAG GTT CCC C | [41] |
15PF | CAAATCCTTTCTTGCAATAGGC | This study |
17R | GAA ATCAC ATGGA ATAAC ACGTCC | This study |
15PFX | CAAGT ATACC TCTTC TTGAC AG | This study |
15PFY | CAG CAA GTA TAA CAA AAA CTC GC | This study |
atpB-rbcL spacer & rbcL gene | PgiC gene (primers 15PF and 17R) | PgiC gene (primers 15PFX/15PFY and 17R) | |
---|---|---|---|
No. sequence | 57 | 151 | 191 |
Aligned length (bp) | 2126 | 1794 | 1090 |
Characters included (bp) | 2091–2119 | 1431–1705 | 786–1050 |
Variable characters (bp) | 227 | 559 | 399 |
Parsimony informative characters (bp) | 98 | 306 (50 binary characters produced by coding indels) | 200 (41 binary characters produced by coding indels) |
Obtained trees | 322 | 4128 | 1145 |
Tree length | 300 | 774 | 578 |
CI | 0.777 | 0.764 | 0.739 |
RI | 0.930 | 0.929 | 0.937 |
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Chao, Y.-S.; Dong, S.-Y.; Chiang, Y.-C.; Liu, H.-Y.; Chiou, W.-L. Extreme Multiple Reticulate Origins of the Pteris cadieri Complex (Pteridaceae). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 4523-4544. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13044523
Chao Y-S, Dong S-Y, Chiang Y-C, Liu H-Y, Chiou W-L. Extreme Multiple Reticulate Origins of the Pteris cadieri Complex (Pteridaceae). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2012; 13(4):4523-4544. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13044523
Chicago/Turabian StyleChao, Yi-Shan, Shi-Yong Dong, Yu-Chung Chiang, Ho-Yih Liu, and Wen-Liang Chiou. 2012. "Extreme Multiple Reticulate Origins of the Pteris cadieri Complex (Pteridaceae)" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13, no. 4: 4523-4544. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13044523