Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant, Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory, Tyrosinase Inhibitory and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Selected Agro-Industrial By-products
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds
2.2. Bioactive Compounds
2.3. Antioxidant Activity (DPPH and NO Scavenging)
2.4. Total Antioxidant Activity (FTC and TBA Tests)
2.5. Xanthine Oxidase (XO) Inhibitory Activity
2.6. Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity
2.7. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Samples and Microwave Extract Preparation
3.2. Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds
3.2.1. Chemicals
3.2.2. Total Phenolic Compounds
3.2.3. Total Flavonoid Compounds
3.2.4. Analyses of Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds by HPLC
3.3. Antioxidant Activity
3.3.1. Free Radical Scavenging Activity
3.3.2. Nitric Oxide Scavenging Activity
3.3.3. Total Antioxidant Activity Assay
3.4. Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity
3.5. Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity
3.6. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
3.7. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
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Samples | Total Phenolic Compounds * | Total Flavonoid Compounds ** |
---|---|---|
Rapeseed meal | 5.3 a | 2.3 a |
Cottonseed meal | 1.5 b | 1.2 b |
Soybean meal | 0.9 c | 0.8 c |
SEM | 0.09 | 0.07 |
P value | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Compounds | Phenolic, Flavonoid and Isoflavonoid (μg g−1 DW)
| ||
---|---|---|---|
Rapeseed Meal | Cottonseed Meal | Soybean Meal | |
Phenolics | |||
Gallic acid | 419.5 ± 3.32 | nd | nd |
Salicylic acid | nd | nd | nd |
Caffeic acid | nd | nd | 295.8 ± 2.73 |
Vanillic acid | nd | nd | nd |
Syringic acid | 177.6 ± 2.82 | nd | nd |
Flavonoids | |||
Apigenin | 64.9 ± 2.48 | nd | nd |
Kaempferol | 494.0 ± 1.71 | 113.7 ± 4.59 | nd |
Myricetin | nd | nd | nd |
Naringenin | 793.5 ± 5.90 | 178.9 ± 6.88 | 352.3 ± 3.66 |
Quercetin | nd | nd | nd |
Rutin | nd | 209.1 ± 2.45 | nd |
Isoflavonoids | |||
Daidzein | nd | nd | 521.4 ± 6.58 |
Genistein | nd | nd | nd |
Samples | IC50 (μg mL−1)
| |
---|---|---|
DPPH Scavenging Activity | Nitric Oxide Scavenging Activity | |
Rapeseed meal | 87.9 c | 108.2 b |
Cottonseed meal | 191.1 b | 191.3 a |
Soybean meal | 466.3 a | 207.6 a |
Vitamin C | 20.4 d | 52.7 c |
Vitamin E | 45.4 d | 72.9 c |
SEM | 7.98 | 7.12 |
P value | P < 0.01 | P < 0.01 |
Samples | IC50 μg mL−1 | |
---|---|---|
Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity | Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity | |
Rapeseed meal | 84.8 b | 120.3 c |
Cottonseed meal | 86.8 b | 286.0 b |
Soybean meal | 464.2 a | >500 a |
Allopurinol | 29.7 c | - |
Kojic acid | - | 116.2 c |
SEM | 7.55 | 5.43 |
P value | P < 0.01 | P < 0.01 |
Correlation (r2)
| |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | TPC | TFC | DPPH | NO | FTC | TBA | XO | TI | iNOS |
TPC | - | 0.987 | 0.637 | 0.998 | 0.877 | 0.839 | 0.373 | 0.702 | 0.854 |
TFC | - | - | 0.734 | 0.993 | 0.933 | 0.911 | 0.482 | 0.596 | 0.922 |
DPPH | - | - | - | 0.656 | 0.911 | 0.939 | 0.933 | 0.111 | 0.932 |
NO | - | - | - | - | 0.898 | 0.863 | 0.397 | 0.677 | 0.873 |
FTC | - | - | - | - | - | 0.997 | 0.714 | 0.359 | 0.998 |
TBA | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.762 | 0.307 | 0.999 |
XO | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.006 | 0.749 |
TI | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.321 |
iNOS | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
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Oskoueian, E.; Abdullah, N.; Hendra, R.; Karimi, E. Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant, Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory, Tyrosinase Inhibitory and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Selected Agro-Industrial By-products. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12, 8610-8625. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms12128610
Oskoueian E, Abdullah N, Hendra R, Karimi E. Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant, Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory, Tyrosinase Inhibitory and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Selected Agro-Industrial By-products. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2011; 12(12):8610-8625. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms12128610
Chicago/Turabian StyleOskoueian, Ehsan, Norhani Abdullah, Rudi Hendra, and Ehsan Karimi. 2011. "Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant, Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory, Tyrosinase Inhibitory and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Selected Agro-Industrial By-products" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 12, no. 12: 8610-8625. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms12128610