Assessment of Aqueous Extraction Methods on Extractable Organic Matter and Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Fractions of Virgin Forest Soils
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Physicochemical Analysis of Soils
2.2. Chemical Characterization of Different Aqueous Soil Extraction Methods
2.3. Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Fraction
3. Discussion
3.1. Physicochemical Analysis of Soils
3.2. Extractable Organic Matter Using Autoclaved Methods
3.3. Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Fractions of Soil Extracts
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Soil Extraction
4.2. Macronutrient Analysis
4.3. Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Fraction
- Vel = sample volume
- V0 = volume of XAD-8 resin (65% bulk column volume)
4.4. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Soil Sample | Chini Lake | Langkawi Island | Kenyir Lake |
---|---|---|---|
pH | 3.97 ± 0.03 a | 4.23 ± 0.03 b | 4.83 ± 0.03 c |
Sand (%) | 4.47 ± 0.06 a | 95 ± 0.00 b | 4.57 ± 0.00 a |
Silt (%) | 94.89 ± 0.06 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 b | 94.91 ± 0.00 a |
Clay (%) | 0.63 ± 0.01 a | 4.00 ± 0.00 b | 0.52 ± 0.00 c |
Soil type | Silt loam | Sandy loam | Silt loam |
Color | Dark brown | Light yellowish brown | Light yellowish brown |
Soil Location | Chini Lake | Langkawi Island | Kenyir Lake |
---|---|---|---|
Total Organic Carbon (%) | 55.78 ± 1.29 a | 2.34 ± 0.02 b | 1.03 ± 0.02 b |
Nitrogen (%) | 0.41 ± 0.05 a | 0.17 ± 0.00 b | 0.17 ± 0.00 b |
Phosphorus (%) | 24.23 ± 0.84 a | 2.27 ± 0.01 b | 1.62 ± 0.01 b |
Trace Metals (mg/kg) | |||
Iron | 755.47 ± 16.15 a | 767.09 ± 1.57 a | 771.98 ± 2.21 a |
Arsenic | ND < 1 | ND < 1 | ND < 1 |
Cadmium | 0.20 ± 0.03 a | 0.25 ± 0.03 a | 0.27 ± 0.08 a |
Chromium | 34.45 ± 3.92 | ND < 2 | ND < 2 |
Chromium VII | 2.98 ± 0.18 | ND < 3 | ND < 3 |
Lead | 3.06 ± 0.31 a | 3.52 ± 0.23 a | 33.83 ± 1.90 b |
Copper | 5.26 ± 0.43 a | 1.23 ± 0.08 b | 1.65 ± 0.03 b |
Nickel | 5.50 ± 0.33 a | 8.98 ± 0.54 b | 5.42a ± 0.29 a |
Zinc | 5.67 ± 1.05 a | 8.56 ± 0.45 b | 27.09 ± 1.07 c |
Mercury | ND < 1 | ND < 1 | ND < 1 |
Silver | ND < 10 | ND < 10 | ND < 10 |
Site | Treatments | Dissolved Organic Carbon, C (mg/L) | Total Dissolved Nitrogen, N (mg/L) | Total Dissolved Phosphorus, PO4 (mg/L) | Ammonia Concentrations, NH3 (mg/L) | Nitrate, NO3− (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chini Forest Reserve | 24 h | 74.15 ± 5.21 a | 6.63 ± 0.3 a | 0.20 ± 0.03 a | 3.50 ± 0.53 a | 0.67 ± 0.58 a |
105 °C 1× | 303.22 ± 17.19 b | 14.23 ± 1.65 b | 0.67 ± 0.3 b | 4.73 ± 0.12 b | 3.40 ± 0.61 b | |
105 °C 2× | 404.48 ± 24.11 c | 12.80 ± 1.9 b | 0.73 ± 0.2 b | 6.37 ± 0.21 c | 4.73 ± 0.40 c | |
121 °C 1× | 503.11 ± 39.99 d | 17.33 ± 2.0 b | 1.04 ± 0.06 c | 6.93 ± 1.01 d | 5.50 ± 0.78 d | |
121 °C 2× | 677.95 ± 69.10 e | 23.47 ± 4.0 c | 1.47 ± 0.17 d | 12.60 ± 0.40 e | 7.57 ± 0.32 e | |
Langkawi Island | 24 h | 19.92 ± 1.26 a | 5.33 ± 1.89 a | 0.01 ± 0.02 a | 1.45 ± 0.07 a | NA |
105 °C 1× | 86.03 ± 4.62 b | 7.03 ± 0.15 a | 0.17 ± 0.01 b | 2.67 ± 0.23 b | 1.13 ± 0.15 a | |
105 °C 2× | 108.55 ± 5.61 c | 7.37 ± 0.23 a | 0.21 ± 0.05 b | 3.00 ± 0.20 b | 1.60 ± 0.10 b | |
121 °C 1× | 153.27 ± 6.44 d | 12.33 ± 1.89 b | 0.25 ± 0.03 c | 4.40 ± 0.53 c | 1.67 ± 0.31 c | |
121 °C 2× | 206.55 ± 3.23 e | 13.93 ± 2.16 b | 0.27± 0.03 c | 6.47 ± 0.12 d | 2.30 ± 0.44 d | |
Sah Kecil Island (Kenyir) | 24 h | 22.80 ± 1.25 a | 4.13 ± 1.32 a | 0.11 ± 0.01 a | 2.23 ± 0.21 a | 1.43 ± 0.12 a |
105 °C 1× | 67.40 ± 8.97 b | 6.30 ± 0.82 b | 0.13 ± 0.03 b | 3.43 ± 0.35 b | 2.57 ± 0.15 b | |
105 °C 2× | 92.84 ± 27.23 b | 7.83 ± 1.12 b | 0.16 ± 0.03 b | 3.87 ± 0.21 b | 2.77 ± 0.15 b | |
121 °C 1× | 117.38 ± 3.25 c | 6.03 ± 1.08 b | 0.13 ± 0.01 c | 4.50 ± 0.30 c | 3.23 ± 0.31 c | |
121 °C 2× | 146.74 ± 4.00 d | 8.97 ± 0.55 b | 0.23 ± 0.03 d | 5.43 ± 0.47 d | 3.47 ± 0.15 c |
Site | Treatments | Total DOC (mg C/L) | Hydrophobic Fractions (mg C/L) | Hydrophobic Neutrals (mg C/L) | Hydrophilic Fractions (mg C/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chini | 24 h | 82.54 ± 11.16 a | 19.86 ± 7.40 a | 5.61 ± 8.09 a | 57.08 ± 15.07 a |
105 °C 1× | 343.69 ± 23.81 b | 80.38 ± 14.28 b | 14.34 ± 24.69 b | 248.95 ± 4.21 b | |
105 °C 2× | 444.95 ± 9.90 c | 125.19 ± 13.20 c | 0.86 ± 1.49 c | 325.54 ± 25.07 c | |
121 °C 1× | 525.83 ± 14.10 d | 136.84 ± 10.23 d | 29.33 ± 6.34 d | 359.66 ± 25.04 d | |
121 °C 2× | 715.32 ± 31.60 e | 200.25 ± 0.76 e | 8.48 ± 11.92 e | 506.69 ± 29.80 e | |
Langkawi | 24 h | 19.53 ± 1.23 a | 13.90 ± 1.30 a | 1.06 ± 0.93 a | 5.36 ± 1.98 a |
105 °C 1× | 84.94 ± 6.66 b | 33.24 ± 7.93 b | 8.81 ± 10.93 a | 47.64 ± 20.68 b | |
105 °C 2× | 101.70 ± 14.1 0 b | 45.63 ± 9.13 c | 0.16 ± 0.27 a | 66.27 ± 7.19 b | |
121 °C 1× | 151.55 ± 18.51 c | 50.91 ± 4.55 d | 7.21 ± 12.49 a | 104.03 ± 34.93 c | |
121 °C 2× | 210.93 ± 11.18 d | 60.79 ± 2.48 d | 0.89 ± 0.99 a | 150.13 ± 13.28 d | |
Kenyir | 24 h | 42.23 ± 0.90 a | 10.43 ± 2.25 a | 1.17 ± 1.16 a | 31.25 ± 4.40 a |
105 °C 1× | 59.81 ± 19.18 a | 19.18 ± 3.32 a | 8.33 ± 6.03 b | 32.30 ± 5.02 a | |
105 °C 2× | 93.60 ± 43.62 a | 26.44 ± 11.33 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 c | 73.70 ± 31.78 b | |
121 °C 1× | 105.21 ± 3.80 b | 29.07 ± 0.77 b | 0.00 ± 0.12 d | 79.49 ± 6.96 c | |
121 °C 2× | 135.18 ± 1.08 b | 33.57 ± 1.70 b | 0.00 ± 0.00 d | 109.20 ± 3.0 d |
Parameters | Unit | Analysis Method |
---|---|---|
pH | - | APHA 4500-H B |
Nitrogen, N | % | MS 417L PART 3: 1994 |
Phosphorus, P | % | MS 678: PART 8 |
Potassium, K | % | (MS 417: PART 3: 1994): MS 678: PART VI to IX: 1980 (APHA 3500 K)) |
Total organic carbon | % | MS 678: PART 3A: 1980 |
Arsenic, As | mg/kg | USEPA 1311 (APHA 3111-B) |
Iron, Fe | mg/kg | USEPA 1311 (APHA 3111-B) |
Cadmium, Cd | mg/kg | USEPA 1311 (APHA 3111-B) |
Chromium, Cr | mg/kg | USEPA 1311 (APHA 3111-B) |
Chromium Hexavalent | mg/kg | USEPA 1311 (APHA 3111-B) |
Lead, Pb | mg/kg | USEPA 1311 (APHA 3111-B) |
Copper, Cu | mg/kg | USEPA 1311 (APHA 3111-B) |
Nickel, Ni | mg/kg | USEPA 1311 (APHA 3111-B) |
Zinc, Zn | mg/kg | USEPA 1311 (APHA 3111-B) |
Mercury, Hg | mg/kg | USEPA 1311 (APHA 3111-B) |
Silver, Ag | mg/kg | USEPA 1311 (APHA 3111-B) |
Particle Size Distribution (PSD) | ||
Sand | % | USDA/NRCS Soil Taxonomy |
Silt | % | USDA/NRCS Soil Taxonomy |
Clay | % | USDA/NRCS Soil Taxonomy |
Extraction Methods | Procedure |
---|---|
Natural Extraction 24 Hours (24 h) | Extracted at room temperature for 24 h incubation |
Autoclave 105 °C (105 °C) | Extracted at 105 °C using autoclave for 1 h |
Autoclave 121 °C (121 °C) | Extracted at 121 °C using autoclave for 1 h |
Autoclave 105 °C (105 °C 2×) | Extracted at 105 °C using autoclave for 1 h, cooled (≈30 min) and autoclaved for another 1 h |
Autoclave 121 °C (121 °C 2×) | Extracted at 121 °C using autoclave for 1 h, cooled (≈30 min) and autoclaved for another 1 h |
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Wan Mohd Zamri, W.M.I.; Sjahrir, F.; Yaacob, N.S.; Dzulkafli, N.F.; Ahmad, M.F.; Abdullah, H.; Maniyam, M.N.; Hashim, E.F.; Kawasaki, N.; Komatsu, K.; et al. Assessment of Aqueous Extraction Methods on Extractable Organic Matter and Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Fractions of Virgin Forest Soils. Molecules 2021, 26, 2480. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092480
Wan Mohd Zamri WMI, Sjahrir F, Yaacob NS, Dzulkafli NF, Ahmad MF, Abdullah H, Maniyam MN, Hashim EF, Kawasaki N, Komatsu K, et al. Assessment of Aqueous Extraction Methods on Extractable Organic Matter and Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Fractions of Virgin Forest Soils. Molecules. 2021; 26(9):2480. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092480
Chicago/Turabian StyleWan Mohd Zamri, Wan Muhammad Ikram, Fridelina Sjahrir, Nor Suhaila Yaacob, Noor Fazreen Dzulkafli, Mohd Fadzli Ahmad, Hasdianty Abdullah, Maegala Nallapan Maniyam, Emi Fazlina Hashim, Nobuyuki Kawasaki, Kazuhiro Komatsu, and et al. 2021. "Assessment of Aqueous Extraction Methods on Extractable Organic Matter and Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Fractions of Virgin Forest Soils" Molecules 26, no. 9: 2480. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092480