Experimental and Theoretical Insights on Methylene Blue Removal from Wastewater Using an Adsorbent Obtained from the Residues of the Orange Industry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Materials and Transformation Methods
2.2. Physicochemical Characterization
2.3. Adsoption Tests
2.3.1. Batch Adsorption Studies
2.3.2. Adsorption Isotherms and Kinetics
2.4. DFT Calculations
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Performance of Adsorbent Material on MB Removal: Preliminary Tests
3.2. pH Effect on MB Adsorption
3.3. Adsorption Kinetics
3.4. Adsorption Isotherms
3.5. Adsorption Mechanism
3.6. Comparison with Other Adsorbents
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Surface Area BET (m2 g−1) | Pore Volume (cm3 g−1) |
---|---|---|
OP | 3.098 | 0.0013 |
AHOP | 7.0142 | 0.0030 |
AZOP-550 | 1078.56 | 0.5205 |
Material | Carboxylic Group (mmol g−1) | Lactone Group (mmol g−1) | Phenol Group (mmol g−1) | Total Acid Sites (mmol g−1) | Total Basic Sites (mmol g−1) | pH (PZC) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OP | 0.650 | 0.925 | 0.200 | 1.774 | 0.000 | 3.5 ± 0.08 |
AHOP | 0.925 | 1.325 | - | 2.250 | 0.125 | 3.4 ± 0.11 |
AZOP-550 | 0.775 | 0.150 | 0.050 | 0.975 | 0.225 | 6.3 ± 0.03 |
Material | OP | AHOP | AZOP-550 |
---|---|---|---|
Langmuir | |||
Qm (mg g−1) | 192.31 | 277.78 | 232.56 |
KL (L mg−1) | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.54 |
RL | 0.40–0.11 | 0.48–0.16 | 0.4–0.01 |
R2 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 1.00 |
Freundlich | |||
KF (mg g−1) | 14.17 | 16.24 | 83.60 |
n | 1.86 | 1.87 | 3.03 |
R2 | 0.85 | 0.98 | 0.73 |
Temkin | |||
KT (L g−1) | 0.31 | 4.39 | 9.12 |
b (kJ mol−1) | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.06 |
R2 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.89 |
Dubinin–Radushkevich | |||
KDR (mol2 kJ−2) | 20.39 | 18.83 | 0.31 |
qs (mg g−1) | 134 | 166 | 206 |
E (KJ mol−1) | 0.16 | 0.16 | 1.28 |
R2 | 0.98 | 0.86 | 0.94 |
Interactions | Pristine | Functional Groups | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phenol (–OH) | Carboxylate (–COO−) | Carboxylic (–COOH) | Ketone (–CO) | ||
Adsorption Energy (kcal mol−1) | |||||
(π–π) | 0.20 | −0.50 | −0.25 | 1.61 | |
(H–bonding) | −5.76 | −6.44 | |||
Electrostatic | −3.60 (m1) −8.46 (m2) −8.08 (m3) −7.95 (m4) |
Material | Treatment | pH | Qm (mg g−1) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
OP | Washed biomass | pH natural (4.5) | 192.31 | This study |
AZOP-550 | Thermochemical activation using ZnCl2 (550 °C) | pH natural (7.5) | 232.56 | This study |
AHOP | Chemical activation using H3PO4 | pH natural (3.7) | 277.78 | This study |
ZnCl2-AC | Thermochemical activation using ZnCl2 (800 °C) | 7–8 | 281.52 | [24] |
OP | Washed biomass | 4 | 14.16 | [21] |
SOP | Chemical activation using NaOH | 9 | 18.28 | [21] |
OP | Washed biomass | pH natural (4.2) | 218 | [19] |
OP-H3PO4 | Chemical activation using H3PO4 | pH natural (6.2) | 307.63 | [51] |
COP 400 °C | Calcination a 400 °C | 4.98 | 14.85 | [18] |
OP-ZnCl2 | Chemical activation using ZnCl2 | 9 | 7.57 | [20] |
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Giraldo, S.; Robles, I.; Godínez, L.A.; Acelas, N.; Flórez, E. Experimental and Theoretical Insights on Methylene Blue Removal from Wastewater Using an Adsorbent Obtained from the Residues of the Orange Industry. Molecules 2021, 26, 4555. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154555
Giraldo S, Robles I, Godínez LA, Acelas N, Flórez E. Experimental and Theoretical Insights on Methylene Blue Removal from Wastewater Using an Adsorbent Obtained from the Residues of the Orange Industry. Molecules. 2021; 26(15):4555. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154555
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiraldo, Stephanie, Irma Robles, Luis A. Godínez, Nancy Acelas, and Elizabeth Flórez. 2021. "Experimental and Theoretical Insights on Methylene Blue Removal from Wastewater Using an Adsorbent Obtained from the Residues of the Orange Industry" Molecules 26, no. 15: 4555. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154555