Ionic Liquid-Based Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction to Analyze Seven Compounds in Psoralea Fructus Coupled with HPLC
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Result and Discussion
2.1. Screening of Ionic Liquid (ILs)
2.2. Single Factor Experiments
2.2.1. Selection of Concentration of ILs
2.2.2. Selection of Concentration of EtOH
2.2.3. Selection of Solid–Liquid Ratio
2.2.4. Selection of Concentration of Particle Size
2.2.5. Selection of Concentration of Ultrasonic Time
2.2.6. Selection of Concentration of Centrifugal Speed
2.2.7. Selection of Concentration of Ultrasonic Power
2.3. Screening of Significant Factors Using a Plackett–Burman (PB) Design
2.4. Optimization of Parameters by the Box–Behnken Design (BBD)
2.5. Comparison with Conventional Solvents Extraction
2.6. Method Validation
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials and Reagent
3.2. Instrument and Chromatographic Conditions
3.3. Preparation of the Standard Solution
3.4. Screening of ILs
3.5. Optimization of Parameters for ILUAE by the Plackett–Burman (PB) Design and Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
3.6. Conventional Solvent Procedures
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds psoralen, isopsoralen, neobavaisoflavone, bavachin, psoralidin, isobavachalcone, and bavachinin are available from the authors. |
No. | A (M/L) | B (%) | C (g/mL) | D (Mesh) | E (min) | F (r/min) | G (W) | Total Extraction Yield (mg/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1(1) | −1(80%) | −1(1:120) | −1(20) | 1(30) | −1(3000) | 1(500) | 17.85 |
2 | −1(0.2) | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1(10) | −1 | −1(200) | 17.10 |
3 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1(70) | −1 | 1 (5000) | 1 | 13.84 |
4 | −1 | 1(100%) | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 11.67 |
5 | 1 | 1 | 1(1:50) | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 17.00 |
6 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 13.38 |
7 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 14.22 |
8 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 13.88 |
9 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 19.87 |
10 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 21.78 |
11 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 14.18 |
12 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 11.53 |
Source | Sum of Squares | Degree of Freedom | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value | Inference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 112.46 | 10 | 11.25 | 935.34 | 0.0254 | Significance |
Residua | 0.012 | 1 | 0.012 | |||
Cor total | 112.47 | 11 | ||||
R2 = 0.9999; Ragj2 = 0.9988 | ||||||
Term | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value | |||
A | 11.25 | 935.34 | 0.061 | |||
B | 18.95 | 1576.04 | 0.024 | Significance | ||
C | 8.49 | 705.83 | 0.0276 | Significance | ||
D | 6.4 | 532.15 | 0.0116 | Significance | ||
E | 36.14 | 3006.1 | 0.0706 | |||
F | 0.97 | 80.74 | 0.0418 | Significance | ||
G | 2.79 | 231.66 | 0.066 |
Level | X1 (%) | X2 (g/mL) | X3 (Mesh) | X4 (r/min) |
---|---|---|---|---|
−1 | 60 | 1:120 | 20 | 3000 |
0 | 80 | 1:80 | 40 | 4000 |
1 | 100 | 1:40 | 60 | 5000 |
Run Order | X1 | X2 | X3 | X4 | Extraction Yield (mg/g) | Total Extraction Yield (mg/g) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coumarin | Flavone | ||||||
1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 16.03 | 11.07 | 14.04 |
2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | 13.16 | 10.47 | 12.09 |
3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15.69 | 10.56 | 13.64 |
4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 13.33 | 11.00 | 12.39 |
5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 13.84 | 9.82 | 12.23 |
6 | 0 | −1 | 1 | 0 | 16.59 | 10.66 | 14.22 |
7 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 13.05 | 7.96 | 11.01 |
8 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 17.93 | 11.56 | 15.38 |
9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16.03 | 9.87 | 13.57 |
10 | −1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 16.73 | 9.05 | 13.66 |
11 | 0 | −1 | 0 | −1 | 16.46 | 11.09 | 14.31 |
12 | −1 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 22.95 | 12.84 | 18.91 |
13 | 0 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 17.44 | 8.29 | 13.78 |
14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16.74 | 11.01 | 14.45 |
15 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 16.61 | 9.87 | 13.91 |
16 | 0 | 0 | −1 | −1 | 18.79 | 10.53 | 15.48 |
17 | −1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 14.89 | 9.00 | 12.54 |
18 | 0 | 1 | 0 | −1 | 17.02 | 11.46 | 14.79 |
19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16.17 | 9.78 | 13.61 |
20 | 1 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 19.35 | 12.36 | 16.55 |
21 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 15.55 | 9.87 | 13.28 |
22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16.19 | 10.34 | 13.85 |
23 | −1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | 16.22 | 10.59 | 13.97 |
24 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 1 | 14.52 | 9.11 | 12.35 |
25 | 0 | 1 | −1 | 0 | 21.32 | 13.54 | 18.21 |
26 | 0 | 0 | −1 | 1 | 20.23 | 10.97 | 16.52 |
27 | 0 | 0 | 1 | −1 | 17.09 | 10.02 | 14.26 |
28 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 12.55 | 10.16 | 11.60 |
29 | 1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 12.56 | 9.61 | 11.38 |
Source | Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F Value | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 80.22 | 14 | 5.73 | 4.82 | 0.0029 ** |
X1 | 4.22 | 1 | 4.22 | 3.55 | 0.0804 |
X2 | 7.01 | 1 | 7.01 | 5.9 | 0.0292 |
X3 | 23.83 | 1 | 23.83 | 20.06 | 0.0005 |
X4 | 0.071 | 1 | 0.071 | 0.06 | 0.8098 |
X1X2 | 1.48 | 1 | 1.48 | 1.24 | 0.2834 |
X1X3 | 1.05 | 1 | 1.05 | 0.88 | 0.3637 |
X1X4 | 0.25 | 1 | 0.25 | 0.21 | 0.6535 |
X2X3 | 5.61 | 1 | 5.61 | 4.72 | 0.0474 |
X2X4 | 0.36 | 1 | 0.36 | 0.31 | 0.5889 |
X3X4 | 0.0016 | 1 | 0.0016 | 0.0014 | 0.9712 |
X12 | 6.47 | 1 | 6.47 | 5.45 | 0.035 |
X22 | 1.89 | 1 | 1.89 | 1.59 | 0.2274 |
X32 | 21.06 | 1 | 21.06 | 17.73 | 0.0009 |
X42 | 0.17 | 1 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.7113 |
Residual | 16.63 | 14 | 1.19 | ||
Lack of fit | 16.1 | 10 | 1.61 | 12.09 | 0.0141 * |
Pure error | 0.53 | 4 | 0.13 | ||
Cor total | 96.85 | 28 |
Analyte | Regression Equation | Linear Range (μg) | Correlation Coefficient | LOD (ng) | LOQ (ng) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Psoralen | Y = 6467788X + 592182 | 0.2150~9.677 | 0.9998 | 0.2150 | 0.4301 |
Isopsoralen | Y = 8303251X − 504662 | 0.2238~10.07 | 0.9999 | 0.2238 | 0.4476 |
Neobavaisoflavone | Y = 4085132X + 42249.1 | 0.06885~3.098 | 0.9999 | 0.4131 | 1.3770 |
Bavachin | Y = 3233926X − 86602.6 | 0.03072~1.382 | 0.9974 | 0.6144 | 1.5360 |
Psoralidin | Y = 3225382X + 2381.59 | 0.1030~4.637 | 0.9999 | 0.3091 | 2.0608 |
Isobavachalcone | Y = 2246978X + 579.852 | 0.03768~1.696 | 0.9999 | 0.4522 | 1.8840 |
Bavachinin A | Y = 1943405X + 66464.4 | 0.1392~6.264 | 0.9996 | 0.2784 | 2.7840 |
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Shi, M.; Zhang, J.; Liu, C.; Cui, Y.; Li, C.; Liu, Z.; Kang, W. Ionic Liquid-Based Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction to Analyze Seven Compounds in Psoralea Fructus Coupled with HPLC. Molecules 2019, 24, 1699. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091699
Shi M, Zhang J, Liu C, Cui Y, Li C, Liu Z, Kang W. Ionic Liquid-Based Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction to Analyze Seven Compounds in Psoralea Fructus Coupled with HPLC. Molecules. 2019; 24(9):1699. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091699
Chicago/Turabian StyleShi, Mengjun, Juanjuan Zhang, Cunyu Liu, Yiping Cui, Changqin Li, Zhenhua Liu, and Wenyi Kang. 2019. "Ionic Liquid-Based Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction to Analyze Seven Compounds in Psoralea Fructus Coupled with HPLC" Molecules 24, no. 9: 1699. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091699