Beneficial Effects of Tomato Juice Fermented by Lactobacillus Plantarum and Lactobacillus Casei: Antioxidation, Antimicrobial Effect, and Volatile Profiles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Juice Yield, Solid Content and pH Value
2.2. Chemical Characteristics of the Tomato Juice
2.3. Copper-Induced Human LDL-Cholesterol Oxidation
2.4. Gut Bacteria Inhibition
2.5. Changes of Total Phenolics during Fermentation
2.6. Changes in Lycopene, Total Carotenoids, and Ascorbic Acid
2.7. Volatile Compositions of Tomato Juice before and after Fermentation
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Juice Preparation
3.3. Microbial Cultivation
3.3.1. Open Ampoule
3.3.2. Strain Recovery Training
3.3.3. Strain-Activated Cultivation
3.4. Pretreatment Method
Use a pipette to suck a 5 mL sample into the centrifugal tube |
↓ |
20 mL 80% ethyl alcohol |
↓ |
Ultrasound bath at 40 °C for 30 min |
↓ |
Pour 25 mL of supernatant liquor into the volumetric flask until constant volume |
↓ |
Seal the tube to avoid light preservation (4 °C) |
3.5. Chemical Characteristics of the Fruit Juice Blends
3.5.1. Determination of pH and Total Soluble Solids (°Brix)
3.5.2. Determination of DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity
3.5.3. Determination of ABTS· Radical Scavenging Activity
3.5.4. FRAP Assay
3.5.5. Determination of Total Phenolic Compounds (TPC)
3.5.6. Determination of Lycopene and Total Carotenoids
3.5.7. Ascorbic Acid Content (AA)
3.5.8. Copper-Induced Human LDL-Cholesterol Oxidation
3.5.9. Effects of Fermented Fruit and Vegetable on the Intestinal Flora
3.5.10. Determination of Volatile Compounds
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors. |
Hours of Fermentation | TPC 2,c | Lycopene c | β-Carotinoid c | Ascorbic Acid c | TPC 2,d | Lycopened | Total Carotenoids d | Ascorbic Acid d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(ug GAE/mL) | (ug/mL) | (ug/mL) | (ug/mL) | (ug GAE/mL) | (ug/mL) | (ug/mL) | (ug/mL) | |
0 | 166.05 ± 2.12 d | 191.51 ± 2.14 c | 153.55 ± 0.81 d | 9.77 ± 2.97 a,b | 166.05 ± 9.25 a | 191.51 ± 8.75 a | 153.55 ± 2.62 a | 11.65 ± 1.82 a |
8 | 204.94 ± 4.75 a | 210.34 ± 3.96 a | 161.32 ± 1.42 a | 7.94 ± 0.22 b | 167.42 ± 10.97 a,b | 182.59 ± 1.91 a | 149.67 ± 0.71 a,b | 12.94 ± 4.98 a |
16 | 184.16 ± 6.47 b,c | 193.69 ± 3.96 c | 154.47 ± 1.59 c,d | 7.75 ± 0.77 b | 165.41 ± 5.81 a,b | 179.23 ± 3.57 a,b | 148.24 ± 1.23 a,b | 11.38 ± 1.42 a |
24 | 153.65 ± 8.19 d | 200.63 ± 2.48 b | 157.03 ± 0.99 b,c | 8.56 ± 0.93 b | 161.69 ± 4.61 b | 188.14 ± 4.49 a,b | 152.12 ± 2.18 a | 12.06 ± 1.23 a |
32 | 168.07 ± 7.27 c,d | 202.21 ± 5.45 b | 158.46 ± 2.73 a,b | 7.86 ± 0.12 b | 152.34 ± 8.37 b | 192.7 ± 8.92 a,b | 154.17 ± 2.73 a | 14.09 ± 1.38 a |
40 | 182.82 ± 10.07 b,c | 197.46 ± 2.06 b,c | 156.41 ± 0.99b c,d | 7.79 ± 0.12 b | 169.03 ± 2.09 a,b | 179.62 ± 4.22 a,b | 148.64 ± 1.85 a,b | 13.08 ± 1.66 a |
48 | 195.55 ± 1.59 a,b | 202.41 ± 3.96 b | 158.56 ± 1.87 a,b | 11.11 ± 1.02 a | 170.04 ± 6.06 a,b | 161.39 ± 5.95 b | 142.27 ± 2.77 b | 12.13 ± 0.82 a |
Category | Volatile Compounds | Tomato Juice | Fermented Tomato Juice (L. casei) | Fermented Tomato Juice (L. Plantarum) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peak Area | RPA (%) | Peak Area | RPA (%) | Peak Area | RPA (%) | ||
Alcohols | Ethanol | 45.04 ± 1 | 3.83 | 36.8 ± 0.16 | 4.33 | 16.95 ± 0.42 | 1.61 |
1-Butanol | 2.07 ± 0.03 | 0.18 | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | |
1-Butanol, 3-methyl- | 58.93 ± 0.35 | 5 | 43.8 ± 0.08 | 5.15 | 116.16 ± 0.73 | 11.04 | |
1-Pentanol | 68.14 ± 1.35 | 5.79 | 54.16 ± 0.9 | 6.37 | 27.58 ± 0.6 | 2.62 | |
2-Tridecen-1-ol, (E)- | 16.65 ± 0.75 | 1.41 | ND | 0 | ND* | 0 | |
1-Penten-3-ol | 15.95 ± 0.77 | 1.35 | 4.69 ± 0.21 | 0.55 | ND | 0 | |
(S)-(+)-3-Methyl-1-pentanol | 4.79 ± 0.1 | 0.41 | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | |
1-Hexanol | 200.44 ± 0.4 | 17.02 | 157.42 ± 6.08 | 18.51 | 102.69 ± 0.83 | 9.76 | |
3-Hexen-1-ol, (Z)- | 43.93 ± 0.97 | 3.73 | 29.85 ± 0.28 | 3.51 | 16.14 ± 0.08 | 1.53 | |
2-Hepten-1-ol, (E)- | 7.05 ± 0.1 | 0.6 | 3.43 ± 0 | 0.4 | ND | 0 | |
1-Hexanol, 4-methyl-, (S)- | 1.1 ± 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.32 ± 0.01 | 0.04 | 2.17 ± 0 | 0.21 | |
1-Octen-3-ol | 9.39 ± 0.13 | 0.8 | 4.19 ± 0.16 | 0.49 | ND | 0 | |
1-Heptanol | 4.6 ± 0.06 | 0.39 | 4.44 ± 0.15 | 0.52 | 3.01 ± 0.07 | 0.29 | |
1-Pentanol, 2-methyl- | 0.44 ± 0.01 | 0.04 | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | |
6-Hepten-1-ol, 2-methyl- | 2.17 ± 0.1 | 0.18 | 3.26 ± 0.14 | 0.38 | ND | 0 | |
2-Propyl-1-pentanol | 1.67 ± 0.04 | 0.14 | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | |
1-Octanol | 6.82 ± 0.09 | 0.58 | 9.93 ± 0.22 | 1.17 | 5.4 ± 0.07 | 0.51 | |
Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol, 1,3,3-trimethyl- | 2.35 ± 0.08 | 0.2 | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | |
5-Isopropenyl-2-methyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-2-ol | 0.48 ± 0.02 | 0.04 | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | |
1-Methylcycloheptanol | 0.65 ± 0 | 0.05 | 0.72 ± 0.04 | 0.08 | ND | 0 | |
2-Octen-1-ol, (E)- | 5.47 ± 0.11 | 0.46 | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | |
Phenylethyl Alcohol | 0.94 ± 0.05 | 0.08 | 1.29 ± 0.02 | 0.15 | ND | 0 | |
2-Hexen-1-ol, (Z)- | 81.11 ± 2.17 | 6.89 | 56.7 ± 0.27 | 6.67 | 36.09 ± 1.12 | 3.43 | |
.alpha.-Terpineol | ND | 0 | 6.16 ± 0.02 | 0.72 | ND | 0 | |
3-Nonen-1-ol, (Z)- | ND | 0 | 0.59 ± 0.01 | 0.07 | ND | 0 | |
trans-2-Undecen-1-ol | ND | 0 | 6.92 ± 0.16 | 0.81 | ND | 0 | |
2-Propyl-1-pentanol | ND | 0 | 6.48 ± 0.28 | 0.76 | ND | 0 | |
1-Pentanol, 3-methyl- | ND | 0 | 10.19 ± 0.12 | 1.2 | 46.72 ± 1.3 | 4.44 | |
2-Penten-1-ol, (Z)- | ND | 0 | 3.27 ± 0.08 | 0.38 | 0.93 ± 0.05 | 0.09 | |
3-Hexen-1-ol, acetate, (Z)- | ND | 0 | 6.07 ± 0.13 | 0.71 | ND | 0 | |
2-Penten-1-ol, (Z)- | ND | 0 | 13.74 ± 0.16 | 1.62 | ND | 0 | |
3-Buten-1-ol, 3-methyl- | ND | 0 | 7.24 ± 0.31 | 0.85 | 7.49 ± 0.36 | 0.71 | |
4-Hexen-1-ol | ND | 0 | 7.09 ± 0.01 | 0.83 | ND | 0 | |
2-Nonanol | ND | 0 | 4.12 ± 0 | 0.49 | ND | 0 | |
trans-(2-Ethylcyclopentyl)methanol | ND | 0 | 3.21 ± 0.06 | 0.38 | ND | 0 | |
cis-9-Tetradecen-1-ol | ND | 0 | 0.59 ± 0.02 | 0.07 | ND | 0 | |
2-Furanmethanol | ND | 0 | 1 ± 0.05 | 0.12 | ND | 0 | |
2-Nonen-1-ol, (E)- | ND | 0 | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 0.03 | ND | 0 | |
Geraniol | ND | 0 | 1.77 ± 0.06 | 0.21 | ND | 0 | |
5,9-Undecadien-2-ol, 6,10-dimethyl- | ND | 0 | 1.07 ± 0.03 | 0.13 | ND | 0 | |
Bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene-2-methanol, 6,6-dimethyl- | ND | 0 | 0.42 ± 0.02 | 0.05 | ND | 0 | |
1,6-Octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl- | ND | 0 | 18.45 ± 0.25 | 2.17 | 14.23 ± 0.27 | 1.35 | |
Acetoin | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 24.71 ± 0.64 | 2.35 | |
3-Hexen-1-ol, (E)- | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 4.15 ± 0.12 | 0.39 | |
1-Hexanol, 2-ethyl- | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 41.16 ± 1.18 | 3.91 | |
3-Furanmethanol | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 1.12 ± 0.05 | 0.11 | |
Phenylethyl Alcohol | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 4.51 ± 0.17 | 0.43 | |
2-Buten-1-ol, 3-methyl- | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 12.62 ± 0.29 | 1.2 | |
1-Pentanol, 4-methyl- | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 9.46 ± 0.37 | 0.9 | |
3-Hexen-1-ol, acetate, (E)- | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 2.02 ± 0.05 | 0.19 | |
6-Hepten-1-ol, 2-methyl- | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 16.29 ± 0.01 | 1.55 | |
1-Methylcycloheptanol | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 1.09 ± 0.04 | 0.1 | |
2-Tridecen-1-ol, (E)- | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 3.9 ± 0.04 | 0.37 | |
Citronellol | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 0.49 ± 0 | 0.05 | |
3-Nonen-1-ol, (Z)- | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 0.64 ± 0.02 | 0.06 | |
Geraniol | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 2.56 ± 0.02 | 0.24 | |
5,9-Undecadien-2-ol, 6,10-dimethyl- | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 2.74 ± 0.11 | 0.26 | |
subtotal | 580.18 | 49.26 | 509.64 | 59.92 | 523.04 | 49.7 | |
Hydrocarbons | Ethylbenzene | 2.2 ± 0.07 | 0.19 | ND | 0 | ND | 0 |
Benzene, 1,3-dimethyl- | 0.53 ± 0 | 0.04 | 0.51 ± 0.01 | 0.06 | ND | 0 | |
p-Xylene | 2.14 ± 0.05 | 0.18 | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | |
3-Carene | 7.02 ± 0.17 | 0.6 | ND | 0 | 5.27 ± 0.04 | 0.5 | |
o-Xylene | 0.87 ± 0.02 | 0.07 | 3.4 ± 0.02 | 0.4 | ND | 0 | |
Styrene | 3.88 ± 0.1 | 0.33 | 1.15 ± 0.01 | 0.13 | ND | 0 | |
Cyclohexane, ethylidene- | 2.29 ± 0.02 | 0.19 | 1.32 ± 0.01 | 0.16 | ND | 0 | |
Propylene Carbonate | 20.37 ± 0.03 | 1.73 | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | |
Toluene | 2.43 ± 0.01 | 0.21 | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | |
2-Octene, 2-methyl-6-methylene- | 2.75 ± 0.02 | 0.23 | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | |
3-Hexen-1-ol, acetate, (Z)- | 1.5 ± 0.01 | 0.13 | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | |
Pentane, 1-nitro- | 24.29 ± 0.9 | 2.06 | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | |
Pentane, 2-nitro- | ND | 0 | 14.43 ± 0.21 | 1.7 | ND | 0 | |
5-Hepten-2-one, 6-methyl- | 90.79 ± 3.29 | 7.71 | 0 ± 0 | 0 | ND | 0 | |
Undecyne | 0.35 ± 0.01 | 0.03 | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | |
Bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane, 7-(1-methylethylidene)- | 1.21 ± 0.04 | 0.1 | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | |
Bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene, 1,7,7-trimethyl- | ND | 0 | 0.84 ± 0.02 | 0.1 | ND | 0 | |
1,6-Octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl- | 5.17 ± 0.22 | 0.44 | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | |
2-Furanmethanol | 1.67 ± 0.08 | 0.14 | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | |
alpha.-Terpineol | 6.34 ± 0.24 | 0.54 | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | |
Hexadecane, 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl- | 2.39 ± 0.03 | 0.2 | 4.7 ± 0.23 | 0.55 | 7.08 ± 0.3 | 0.67 | |
1-Tetradecyne | ND | 0 | 4.95 ± 0.09 | 0.58 | ND | 0 | |
1-Hexene, 3,3,5-trimethyl- | ND | 0 | 2.52 ± 0.01 | 0.3 | ND | 0 | |
Heneicosane | ND | 0 | 1.37 ± 0.07 | 0.16 | ND | 0 | |
4-Tridecene, (Z)- | ND | 0 | 0.84 ± 0.03 | 0.1 | ND | 0 | |
d-Limonene | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 1.87 ± 0.05 | 0.18 | |
Butylated Hydroxytoluene | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 1.85 ± 0.04 | 0.18 | |
Benzene, 1-methoxy-4-methyl- | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 0.26 ± 0.01 | 0.02 | |
1-Hexene, 3,3-dimethyl- | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 1.99 ± 0.02 | 0.19 | |
Heneicosane | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 0.82 ± 0.01 | 0.08 | |
3-Nonen-5-yne, 4-ethyl- | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 4.09 ± 0.06 | 0.39 | |
3-Buten-2-one, 4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)- | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 2.4 ± 0.03 | 0.23 | |
subtotal | 178.2 | 15.12 | 36.03 | 4.24 | 25.61 | 2.26 | |
Aldehydes | Hexanal | 175 ± 0.4 | 14.86 | ND | 0 | 7.7 ± 0.03 | 0.73 |
2-Hexenal, (E)- | 93.72 ± 3.31 | 7.96 | ND | 0 | 0.85 ± 0.02 | 0.08 | |
Octanal | 1.4 ± 0.07 | 0.12 | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | |
Nonanal | 8.5 ± 0.34 | 0.72 | ND | 0 | 3.55 ± 0.18 | 0.34 | |
Butanal, 3-methyl- | 8.41 ± 0.12 | 0.71 | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | |
2,4-Hexadienal, (E,E)- | 3.66 ± 0.06 | 0.31 | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | |
Decanal | 0.87 ± 0.01 | 0.07 | ND | 0 | 0.28 ± 0.01 | 0.03 | |
2-Nonenal, (E)- | 1.7 ± 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.8 ± 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.17 ± 0 | 0.02 | |
Benzene acetaldehyde | 1.05 ± 0.02 | 0.09 | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | |
2,6-Octadienal, 3,7-dimethyl-, (Z)- | 0.84 ± 0.01 | 0.07 | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | |
1-Cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde, 2,6,6-trimethyl- | 2.45 ± 0.1 | 0.21 | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | |
2,6-Octadienal, 3,7-dimethyl-, (E)- | 2.78 ± 0.09 | 0.24 | ND | 0 | 4.85 ± 0.09 | 0.46 | |
1H-Pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde | 0.57 ± 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.45 ± 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.78 ± 0.03 | 0.07 | |
2-Undecenal, E- | ND | 0 | 0.58 ± 0.02 | 0.07 | ND | 0 | |
2-Octenal, (E)- | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 1.08 ± 0.05 | 0.1 | |
2,6-Octadienal, 3,7-dimethyl-, (Z)- | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 0.65 ± 0.01 | 0.06 | |
subtotal· | 300.97 | 25.55 | 1.84 | 0.21 | 19.91 | 1.89 | |
Ketones | Cyclohexanone, 2,2,6-trimethyl- | 0.56 ± 0.02 | 0.05 | ND | 0 | ND | 0 |
Acetone | 3.67 ± 0.07 | 0.31 | 1.79 ± 0.05 | 0.21 | ND | 0 | |
4’-(Trifluoromethyl)acetophenone | 0.51 ± 0.02 | 0.04 | 3.67 ± 0.02 | 0.43 | ND | 0 | |
trans-beta.-Ionone | 1 ± 0.02 | 0.08 | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | |
3-Buten-2-one, 4-(2,2,6-trimethyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hept-1-yl)- | 0.38 ± 0.01 | 0.03 | 1.46 ± 0.03 | 0.17 | 0.47 ± 0.02 | 0.04 | |
4-Hydroxy-2-methylacetophenone | ND | 0 | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.61 ± 0.03 | 0.06 | |
2-Undecanone | ND | 0 | 0.25 ± 0 | 0.03 | ND | 0 | |
5-Hepten-2-one, 6-methyl- | ND | 0 | 85.9 ± 3.47 | 10.1 | 91.68 ± 3.49 | 8.71 | |
2-Nonanone | ND | 0 | 8.29 ± 0.4 | 0.98 | 1.47 ± 0.06 | 0.14 | |
2-Pentanone | ND | 0 | 23.03 ± 0.25 | 2.71 | ND | 0 | |
2-Propanone, 1-hydroxy- | ND | 0 | 0.47 ± 0.02 | 0.06 | 1.65 ± 0.08 | 0.16 | |
Acetoin | ND | 0 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 0.12 | ND | 0 | |
2-Cyclopenten-1-one, 3,4,4-trimethyl- | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 3.05 ± 0.06 | 0.29 | |
2-Heptanone | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 7.75 ± 0.2 | 0.91 | |
2,3-Butanedione | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 14.73 ± 0.24 | 1.4 | |
2-Heptanone | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 2.62 ± 0.04 | 0.25 | |
2H-Pyran-2-one, tetrahydro- | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 0.51 ± 0 | 0.05 | |
3,5,9-Undecatrien-2-one, 6,10-dimethyl- | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 0.2 ± 0 | 0.02 | |
2(4H)-Benzofuranone, 5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,4,7a-trimethyl-, (R)- | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 0.37 ± 0 | 0.04 | |
subtotal | 6.12 | 0.51 | 126.1 | 14.84 | 125.09 | 12.07 | |
Acids | Acetic acid | 32.74 ± 1.15 | 2.78 | ND | 0 | 281.29 ± 3.92 | 26.72 |
Butanoic acid, 3-methyl- | 7.41 ± 0.31 | 0.63 | ND | 0 | 22.28 ± 0.06 | 2.12 | |
Butanoic acid, anhydride | ND | 0 | 0.3 ± 0 | 0.04 | ND | 0 | |
Hexanoic acid | 3.84 ± 0.17 | 0.33 | 9.17 ± 0.44 | 1.08 | 12.85 ± 0.63 | 1.22 | |
Octanoic acid | ND | 0 | 10.6 ± 0.46 | 1.25 | 0.36 ± 0 | 0.03 | |
Cyclohexylmethyl formate | ND | 0 | 0.36 ± 0 | 0.04 | ND | 0 | |
Ammonium acetate | ND | 0 | 87.11 ± 0.25 | 10.25 | ND | 0 | |
subtotal· | 43.99 | 3.74 | 107.54 | 12.66 | 316.78 | 30.09 | |
Esters | Ethyl Acetate | 22 ± 0.36 | 1.87 | ND | 0 | ND | 0 |
3-Nonen-5-yne, 4-ethyl- | 4.86 ± 0.23 | 0.41 | 5.33 ± 0.2 | 0.63 | ND | 0 | |
Methyl undecyl ether | ND | 0 | 2.86 ± 0.04 | 0.34 | ND | 0 | |
Ethyl tridecanoate | ND | 0 | 3.93 ± 0.01 | 0.46 | ND | 0 | |
Acetic acid, butyl ester | ND | 0 | 4.76 ± 0.13 | 0.56 | 3.05 ± 0.15 | 0.29 | |
Dodecanoic acid, methyl ester | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 0.49 ± 0 | 0.05 | |
Tetradecanoic acid, ethyl ester | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 0.32 ± 0.01 | 0.03 | |
subtotal | 26.85 | 2.28 | 16.88 | 1.99 | 3.87 | 0.37 | |
Others | Pyridine | 1.01 ± 0.05 | 0.09 | ND | 0 | ND | 0 |
2-Isobutylthiazole | 7.72 ± 0.35 | 0.66 | 6.95 ± 0.13 | 0.82 | ND | 0 | |
Oxime-, methoxy-phenyl-_ | 24.13 ± 1.04 | 2.05 | 11.44 ± 0.3 | 1.35 | ND | 0 | |
1H-Isoindole, 3-methoxy-4,7-dimethyl- | 0.63 ± 0.01 | 0.05 | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | |
Benzofuran, 2,3-dihydro- | 1.11 ± 0.04 | 0.09 | 1.13 ± 0.01 | 0.13 | 17.49 ± 0.8 | 1.66 | |
Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)- | 2.23 ± 0.11 | 0.19 | 1.75 ± 0.06 | 0.21 | 2.44 ± 0.07 | 0.23 | |
D-Limonene | ND | 0 | 20.34 ± 0.69 | 2.39 | ND | 0 | |
Butanenitrile, 3-methyl- | ND | 0 | 1.95 ± 0.01 | 0.23 | ND | 0 | |
Oxepine, 2,7-dimethyl- | ND | 0 | 0.87 ± 0.04 | 0.1 | ND | 0 | |
Furfural | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 6.92 ± 0.13 | 0.66 | |
Ethyl tridecanoate | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 8.17 ± 0.02 | 0.78 | |
Phenol | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 0.49 ± 0.02 | 0.05 | |
Methyl tetradecanoate | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 0.54 ± 0.02 | 0.05 | |
Bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene-2-methanol, 6,6-dimethyl- | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 1.26 ± 0.05 | 0.12 | |
2-Ethylhexyl salicylate | ND | 0 | ND | 0 | 1.31 ± 0.03 | 0.12 | |
subtotal | 36.820377 | 3.13 | 44.435835 | 5.23 | 38.626639 | 3.67 |
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Liu, Y.; Chen, H.; Chen, W.; Zhong, Q.; Zhang, G.; Chen, W. Beneficial Effects of Tomato Juice Fermented by Lactobacillus Plantarum and Lactobacillus Casei: Antioxidation, Antimicrobial Effect, and Volatile Profiles. Molecules 2018, 23, 2366. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092366
Liu Y, Chen H, Chen W, Zhong Q, Zhang G, Chen W. Beneficial Effects of Tomato Juice Fermented by Lactobacillus Plantarum and Lactobacillus Casei: Antioxidation, Antimicrobial Effect, and Volatile Profiles. Molecules. 2018; 23(9):2366. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092366
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Yiyun, Haiming Chen, Wenxue Chen, Quipping Zhong, Guanfei Zhang, and Weijun Chen. 2018. "Beneficial Effects of Tomato Juice Fermented by Lactobacillus Plantarum and Lactobacillus Casei: Antioxidation, Antimicrobial Effect, and Volatile Profiles" Molecules 23, no. 9: 2366. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092366