The Liver Protection Effects of Maltol, a Flavoring Agent, on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice via Inhibiting Apoptosis and Inflammatory Response
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effect of Maltol on Body Weight and Organ Index in Mice
2.2. Effect of Maltol on Serum Aspartate Transaminase (Alt) and Alanine Transaminase (Ast) Activities
2.3. Maltol Ameliorated CCl4-Induced Hepatic Histopathological Changes in Mice
2.4. Maltol Inhibited Cell Apoptosis in CCl4-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice
2.5. Effects of Maltol on Oxidative Stress Markers
2.6. Effect of Maltol on CCl4-Induced Inflammatory Response
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals and Reagents
4.2. Animals
4.3. Animal Treatment and Experimental Protocol
4.4. Determination of Liver Enzymes
4.5. Assay for Inflammatory Markers
4.6. Histopathological Analysis
4.7. Hoechst 33258 Staining
4.8. TUNEL Assay
4.9. Immunohistochemistry Analysis
4.10. Immunofluorescence Analysis
4.11. Western Blot Analysis
4.12. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ALT | Alanine aminotransferase |
iNOS | Inducible nitric oxide synthase |
TNF-α | Tumor necrosis factor-α |
NO | Nitric oxide |
HO-1 | Heme oxygenase-1 |
CAT | Catalase |
SOD | Superoxide dismutase |
AST | Aspartate aminotransferase |
NF-κB | Nuclear factor-kappa B |
IL-1β | Interleukin-1β |
CYP2E1 | Cytochrome P450 E1 |
CCl4 | Carbon tetrachloride |
GSH | Glutathione |
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors. |
Groups | Dosage (mg/kg) | Weight (g) | Organ Indices (mg/g × 100) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial | Final | Liver | Kidney | ||
Normal | — | 30.7 ± 1.06 | 30.34 ± 1.02 | 1.41 ± 0.06 | 0.45 ± 0.02 |
CCl4 | — | 30.4 ± 1.14 | 28.78 ± 1.06 | 1.55 ± 0.20 * | 0.50 ± 0.04 * |
Maltol | 100 | 30.3 ± 1.20 | 29.96 ± 0.89 | 1.45 ± 0.05 | 0.43 ± 0.06 # |
CCl4 + Maltol | 100 | 30.1 ± 1.13 | 30.25 ± 1.36 | 1.43 ± 0.44 # | 0.45 ± 0.03 # |
Groups | Dosage (mg/kg) | n | Necrocytosis Grade | Score | Ridit Analysis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |||||
Normal | — | 8 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.28 |
CCl4 | — | 8 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 17 | 0.84 * |
Maltol | 100 | 8 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.33 |
CCl4 + Maltol | 100 | 8 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0.55 # |
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Liu, W.; Wang, Z.; Hou, J.-g.; Zhou, Y.-d.; He, Y.-f.; Jiang, S.; Wang, Y.-p.; Ren, S.; Li, W. The Liver Protection Effects of Maltol, a Flavoring Agent, on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice via Inhibiting Apoptosis and Inflammatory Response. Molecules 2018, 23, 2120. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092120
Liu W, Wang Z, Hou J-g, Zhou Y-d, He Y-f, Jiang S, Wang Y-p, Ren S, Li W. The Liver Protection Effects of Maltol, a Flavoring Agent, on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice via Inhibiting Apoptosis and Inflammatory Response. Molecules. 2018; 23(9):2120. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092120
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Wei, Zi Wang, Jin-gang Hou, Yan-dan Zhou, Yu-fang He, Shuang Jiang, Ying-ping Wang, Shen Ren, and Wei Li. 2018. "The Liver Protection Effects of Maltol, a Flavoring Agent, on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice via Inhibiting Apoptosis and Inflammatory Response" Molecules 23, no. 9: 2120. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092120