Syk and IRAK1 Contribute to Immunopharmacological Activities of Anthraquinone-2-carboxlic Acid
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effect of AQCA on Inflammatory Responses of Macrophages Induced by LPS
2.2. Effect of AQCA on Transcriptional Activation of the Inflammatory Response
2.3. Effect of AQCA on the Activation of Upstream Enzymes for NF-κB and AP-1 Activation
2.4. Effect of AQCA on the Activity of Upstream Enzymes
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Preparation of Peritoneal Macrophages
4.3. Cell Culture and Drug Preparation
4.4. Determination of Nitric Oxide (NO) and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) Production
4.5. Cell Viability Assay
4.6. Preparation of Whole Cell Lysates and Nuclear Fractions for Immunoblot Analyses
4.7. In Vitro Kinase Assay with Purified Enzymes
4.8. Statistical Analyses
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
NO | nitric oxide |
MTT | (3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, tetrazole |
AQCA | anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid |
2-HMAQ | 2-hydroxymethylanthraquinone |
PMA | phorbol-12-myristate |
COX-2 | cyclooxygenase-2 |
FBS | fetal bovine serum |
iNOS | inducible nitric oxide synthase |
IKK | IκB kinase |
LPS | lipopolysaccharide |
PAMPs | pathogen-associated molecular patterns |
PBS | phosphate-buffered saline |
PRRs | pattern recognition receptors |
TLRs | toll-like receptors |
TNF | tumor necrosis factor |
Syk | spleen tyrosine kinase |
IRAK4 | interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 |
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Park, J.G.; Son, Y.-J.; Kim, M.-Y.; Cho, J.Y. Syk and IRAK1 Contribute to Immunopharmacological Activities of Anthraquinone-2-carboxlic Acid. Molecules 2016, 21, 809. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21060809
Park JG, Son Y-J, Kim M-Y, Cho JY. Syk and IRAK1 Contribute to Immunopharmacological Activities of Anthraquinone-2-carboxlic Acid. Molecules. 2016; 21(6):809. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21060809
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Jae Gwang, Young-Jin Son, Mi-Yeon Kim, and Jae Youl Cho. 2016. "Syk and IRAK1 Contribute to Immunopharmacological Activities of Anthraquinone-2-carboxlic Acid" Molecules 21, no. 6: 809. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21060809