Impact of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers Application on the Phytochemical and Antioxidant Activity of Kacip Fatimah (Labisia pumila Benth)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Total Phenolics and Flavonoids
Treatments | Total phenolics (mg gallic acid/g dry weight | Total flavonoids (mg rutin/g dry weight) | Vitamin C (mg/g fresh weight) | Saponin (mg diosgenin/g dry weight) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fertilizer sources | ||||
Organic (Chicken dung) | 1.10a | 0.76a | 0.061b | 38.16a |
Inorganic (NPK green) | 0.98b | 0.62b | 0.078a | 32.17b |
Fertilizer rates (kg N/ha) | ||||
0 | 1.22b | 0.81b | 0.072b | 47.21b |
90 | 1.32a | 0.98a | 0.089a | 58.14a |
180 | 1.02c | 0.72c | 0.060c | 32.18c |
270 | 0.87d | 0.41d | 0.047d | 20.17d |
Source × Rate | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Parameters | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. T. phenolics | 1.000 | ||||||||
2. T. flavonoids | 0.899 * | 1.000 | |||||||
3. Vitamin C | 0.768 * | 0.777 * | 1.000 | ||||||
4. Saponin | 0.912 * | 0.813 * | 0.776 * | 1.000 | |||||
5. Soluble sugar | 0.912 * | 0.923 * | 0.954 * | 0.914 * | 1.000 | ||||
6. Nitrate | 0.212 | 0.123 | 0.231 | 0.321 | 0.216 | 1.000 | |||
7.Gluthathione | 0.914 ** | 0.924 * | 0.889 * | 0.824 * | 0.778 * | 0.123 | 1.000 | ||
8. DPPH | 0.912 * | 0.915 * | 0.911 * | 0.976 * | 0.918 * | 0.126 | 0.908 * | 1.000 | |
9. FRAP | 0.899 * | 0.917 * | 0.931 * | 0.876 * | 0.854 * | 0.421 | 0.912 * | 0.987 * | 1.000 |
2.2. Ascorbic Acid and Saponin Content
2.3. Soluble Sugar and Nitrate
Treatments | Soluble sugar (mg sucrose/g dry weight) | Nitrate (ppm) | Gluthathione (nmol/g dry weight) |
---|---|---|---|
Fertilizer sources | |||
Organic (Chicken dung) | 97.21a | 157.21b | 616.71b |
Inorganic (NPK green) | 90.02b | 178.79a | 632.16a |
Fertilizer rates (kg N/ha) | |||
0 | 98.17b | 112.31b | 777.21b |
90 | 102.72a | 137.21a | 831.28a |
180 | 71.25c | 198.21c | 621.31c |
270 | 62.31d | 211.31d | 522.18d |
Source x Rate | ns | ns | ns |
2.4. Gluthathione Content
2.5. DPPH and FRAP
Treatments | DPPH scavenging assay (%) | FRAP scavenging assay
(µm fe(II)/g dry weight) |
---|---|---|
Fertilizer sources | ||
Organic (Chicken dung) | 47.28a | 600.24a |
Inorganic (NPK green) | 40.21b | 528.17b |
Fertilizer rates (kg N/ha) | ||
0 | 57.12b | 701.24b |
90 | 63.18a | 814.21a |
180 | 47.22c | 621.71c |
270 | 41.10d | 511.78d |
Source × Rate | ns | ns |
3. Experimental
3.1. Experimental Location, Plant Materials and Treatments
3.2. Determination of Total Phenolics and Flavonoids
3.3. Total Saponin Determination
3.4. Ascorbic Acid Determination
3.5. Soluble Sugar Determination
3.6. Nitrate Determination
3.7. Gluthathione Determination
3.8. DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay
3.9. Reducing Ability (FRAP Assay)
3.10. Statistical and Correlation Analysis
4. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Aliyu, L. Effect of manure type and rate on growth, yield and yield components of pepper. J. Sustain. Agric. Environ. 2003, 5, 92–98. [Google Scholar]
- Balasubramanian, P.; Palaniappan, S.P. Principles and practices of agronomy; Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.: New Delhi, India, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Zainon, A.S.; Musaadah, M.; Ismail, M.; Wan-Fadhilah, W.Z.A. Ethobotany of Medicinal Plants at Pos Lanai, Lipis, Pahang. In Interdisciplinary Approaches in Natural Products Research; Mawardi, K., Zhari, A., Suparjo, M., Chong, S., Eds.; Department of Chemistry, University Putra Malaysia: Serdang, Malaysia, 1999; pp. 35–42. [Google Scholar]
- Runi, S.P. Studies on Medicinal Plant in Sarawak. In Towards Bridging Science and Herbal Industry; Chang, Y.S., Mastura, M., Vimala., S., Zainon, A.S., Eds.; Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM): Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2001; pp. 112–119. [Google Scholar]
- Zakaria, M.; Mohammed, M.A. Traditional Malay Medicinal Plants; Fajar Bakti: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1994. [Google Scholar]
- Burkill, I.H. Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula; Crown Agents for the Colonies: London, UK, 1935. [Google Scholar]
- Jamia, A.J.; Houghton, J.P.; Milligan, R.S.; Jantan, I. The oestrogenic and cytotoxic effects of the extracts of Labisia pumila var. alata and Labisia pumila var. pumila in vitro. Med. Sci. J. 2003, 1, 53–60. [Google Scholar]
- Karimi, E.; Jaafar, H.Z. HPLC and GC–MS determination of bioactive compounds in microwave obtained extracts of three varieties of Labisia pumila Benth. Molecules 2011, 16, 6791–6805. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ali, Z.; Khan, I.A. Alkyl phenols and saponins from the roots of Labisia pumila (Kacip Fatimah). Phytochemistry 2011, 72, 2075–2080. [Google Scholar]
- Dumas, Y.; Dadomo, M.; Di Lucca, G.; Grolier, P. Effects of environmental factors and agricultural techniques on antioxidant content of tomatoes. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2003, 83, 369–382. [Google Scholar]
- Abd-Alla, H.M.; Yan, F.; Schubert, S. Effects of sewage sludge application on nodulation, nitrogen Fixation and plant growth of faba bean, soybean and lupin. J. Appl. Bot. 1999, 73, 69–75. [Google Scholar]
- Logan, T.J.; Lindsay, B.J.; Goins, L.E.; Ryan, J.A. Field assessment of sludge metal bioavailability to crops: Sludge rate response. J. Environ. Qual. 1997, 26, 534–550. [Google Scholar]
- Fabiyi, L.L.; Ogunfowora, O.O. Economics of Production and Utilization of Organic Fertilizer. In Organic Fertiliser in Nigerian Agriculture: Present and Future; Federal Ministry of Science and Technology: Lagos, Nigeria, 1992; pp. 138–144. [Google Scholar]
- Follet, R.H.; Murphy, L.S.; Donalue, R.L. Soil-fertilizer-plant relationship. Fert. Soil Amend. 1981, 6, 478–481. [Google Scholar]
- Barker, A.V. Organic vs. inorganic nutrition and horticultural crop quality. Hortscience 1975, 10, 50–53. [Google Scholar]
- Gagnon, B.; Berrouard, S. Effects of several organic fertilizers on growth of greenhouse tomato transplants. Can. J. Plant Sci. 1994, 74, 167–168. [Google Scholar]
- Montagu, K.D.; Goh, K.M. Effects of forms and rates of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers on the yield and some quality indices of tomateos (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller). N. Z. J. Crop Hort. Sci. 1990, 18, 31–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, Z.; Sagi, M.; Lips, H. Assimilate allocation priority as affected by nitrogen compounds in the xylem sap of tomato. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 1996, 34, 807–815. [Google Scholar]
- Brandt, K.; Molgaard, P. Organic agriculture: does it enhance or reduce the nutritional value of plant foods? J. Sci. Food Agric. 2001, 81, 924–931. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haukioja, E.; Ossipov, V.; Koricheva, J.; Honkanen, T.; Larsson, S.; Lempa, K. Biosynthetic origin of carbon-based secondary compounds: Cause of variable responses of woody plants to fertilization? Chemoecology 1998, 8, 133–139. [Google Scholar]
- Hakkinen, S.H.; Torronen, A.R. Content of Flavonols and selected phenolic acids in strawberries and Vaccinium species: Influence of cultivar, cultivation site and technique. Food Res. Int. 2000, 33, 517–524. [Google Scholar]
- Asami, D.K.; Hong, Y.J.; Barrett, D.M.; Mitchell, A.E. Comparison of the total phenolic and ascorbic acid content of freeze-dried and air-dried marionberry, strawberry, and corn using conventional, organic, and sustainable agricultural practices. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51, 1237–1241. [Google Scholar]
- Weibel, F.P.; Bickel, R.; Leuthold, S.; Alfoldi, T. Are organically grown apples tastier and healthier? A comparative field study using conventional and alternative methods to measure fruit quality. Acta Hort. 2000, 517, 417–426. [Google Scholar]
- Ibrahim, M.H.; Jaafar, H.Z.E. Photosynthetic capacity, photochemical efficiency and chlorophyll content of three varieties of Labisia pumila Benth exposed to open field and greenhouse growing conditions. Acta Physiol. Plant. 2011, 33, 2179–2185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ibrahim, M.H.; Jaafar, H.Z.E.; Asmah, R.; Zaharah, A.R. Involvement of Nitrogen on flavonoids, glutathione, anthocyanin, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activities of Malaysian medicinal plant Labisia pumila Blume (Kacip Fatimah). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 393–408. [Google Scholar]
- Ibrahim, M.H.; Jaafar, H.Z.E.; Rahmat, A.; Abdul Rahman, Z. The relationship between phenolics and flavonoids production with total non structural carbohydrate and photosynthetic rate in Labisia pumila Benth. under high CO2 and nitrogen fertilization. Molecules 2011, 16, 162–174. [Google Scholar]
- Ibrahim, M.H.; Jaafar, H.Z.E. The influence of carbohydrate, protein and phenylanine ammonia lyase on up-regulation of production of secondary metabolites (total phenolics and flavonoid) in Labisia pumila (Blume) Fern-Vill (Kacip Fatimah) under high CO2 and different nitrogen levels. Molecules 2011, 16, 4172–4190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ibrahim, M.H.; Hawa, Z.E.J. Carbon dioxide fertilization enhanced antioxidant compounds in Malaysian Kacip Fatimah (Labisia pumila Blume). Molecules 2011, 16, 6068–6081. [Google Scholar]
- Ibrahim, M.H.; Jaafar, H.Z.E. Enhancement of leaf gas exchange and primary metabolites, up-regulate the production of secondary metabolites of Labisia Pumila Blume seedlings under carbon dioxide enrichment. Molecules 2011, 16, 3761–3777. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jaafar, H.Z.; Ibrahim, M.H.; Karimi, E. Phenolics and flavonoid compounds, phenylanine ammonia lyase and antioxidant activity responses to elevated CO2 in Labisia pumila (Myrisinaceae). Molecules 2012, 17, 6331–6347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ibrahim, M.H.; Jaafar, H.Z. Reduced photoinhibition under low irradiance enhanced kacip fatimah (Labisia pumila Benth) secondary metabolites, phenyl alanine lyase and antioxidant activity. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 5290–5306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ibrahim, M.H.; Jaafar, H.Z.E.; Rahmat, A.; Zaharah, A.R. Effects of nitrogen fertilization on synthesis of primary and secondary metabolites in three varieties of kacip fatimah (Labisia pumila Blume). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12, 5238–5254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jaafar, H.Z.E.; Ibrahim, M.H.; Mohamad Fakri, N.F. Impact of soil field water capacity on secondary metabolites, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), maliondialdehyde (MDA) and photosynthetic responses of malaysian kacip fatimah (Labisia pumila Benth). Molecules 2012, 17, 7305–7322. [Google Scholar]
- Ibrahim, M.H.; Jaafar, H.Z.E. The relationship of nitrogen and C/N on secondary metabolites and antioxidant activities in three varieties of Malaysian kacip fatimah (Labisia pumila Blume). Molecules 2011, 16, 5514–5526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferry, D.R.; Smith, A.; Malkhandi, J. Phase I clinical trial of the flavonoid quercetin: Pharmacokinetics and evidence for in vivo tyrosine kinase inhibition. Clin. Cancer Res. 1996, 2, 659–668. [Google Scholar]
- Ranelletti, F.O.; Maggiano, N.; Serra, F.G. Quercetin inhibits p21-ras expression in human colon cancer cell lines and in primary colorectal tumors. Int. J. Cancer 1999, 85, 438–445. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pathak, S.B.; Niranjan, K.; Padh, H.; Rajani, M. TLC densitometric method for the quantification of eugenol and gallic acid in clove. Chromatographia 2004, 60, 241–244. [Google Scholar]
- Enkhmaa, B.L. Mulberry (Morus albaL.) leaves and their major flavonol quercetin 3-(6-malonylglucoside) attenuate atherosclerotic lesion development in LDL receptor-deficient mice. J. Nutr. 2005, 135, 729–734. [Google Scholar]
- Luo, Y.L. Inhibition of cell growth and VEGF expression in ovarian cancer cells by flavonoids. Nut. Cancer 2008, 60, 800–809. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seung, K.L.; Adel, A.K. Preharvest and postharvest factors influencing vitamin C content of horticultural crops. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2000, 20, 207–220. [Google Scholar]
- Hassan, A.; Predrag, L.; Irina, P.; Omar, S.; Uri, C.; Arieh, B. Fertilization-induced changes in growth parameters and antioxidant activity of medicinal plants used in traditional Arab medicine. Oxf. J. 2005, 2, 549–556. [Google Scholar]
- Toor, R.K.; Savage, G.P.; Heeb, A. Influence of different types of fertilizers on the major antioxidant components of tomatoes. J. Food Compost. Anal. 2006, 19, 20–27. [Google Scholar]
- Bimova, P.; Pokluda, R. Impact of organic fertilizers on total antioxidant capacity of head cabbage. Hortic. Sci. (Prague) 2009, 36, 21–25. [Google Scholar]
- Tissue, D.T.; Thomas, R.B.; Strain, B.R. Atmospheric CO2 increases growth and photosynthesis of Pinus taedea: A four year field experiment. Plant Cell Environ. 1997, 20, 1123–1134. [Google Scholar]
- Den-Hertog, J.; Stulen, L.; Fonseca, E.; Delea, P. Modulation of carbon and nitrogen allocation in Urtica dioica and Plantago major by elevated CO2: Impact of accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates and ontogenetic drift. Physiol. Plant. 1996, 98, 77–88. [Google Scholar]
- Poorter, H.; Berkel, V.; Baxter, R.; Den-Hertog, J.; Dijkstra, P.; Gifford, R.M.; Griffin, K.L.; Roumet, C.; Roy, J.; Wong, S.C. The effects of elevated CO2 on the chemical composition and construction costs of leaves of 27 C3 species. Plant Cell Environ. 1997, 20, 472–482. [Google Scholar]
- Meyer, S.; Cerovic, Z.G.; Goulas, Y.; Montpied, P.; Demotes, S.; Bidel, L.P.R.; Moya, I.; Dreyer, E. Relationship between assessed polyphenols and chlorophyll contents and leaf mass per area ratio in woody plants. Plant Cell Environ. 2006, 29, 1338–1348. [Google Scholar]
- Winchester, P.D.; Huskins, J.; Ying, J. Agrichemicals in surface water and birth defects in the United States. Acta Paediat. 2009, 98, 664–669. [Google Scholar]
- Benbrook, C.; Zhao, X.; Yáñez, J.; Davies, N.; Andrews, P. New Evidence Confirms the Nutritional Superiority of Plant-Based Organic Foods. State of Science Review; The Organic Center: Boulder, CO, USA, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Rembialkowska, E. Quality of plant products from organic agriculture. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2007, 87, 2757–2762. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van, D.W.; Loch, J.P.G. Nitrate in the Netherlands: A serious threat to groundwater. Aqua 1983, 2, 59–60. [Google Scholar]
- Gangolli, S.D. Assessment: Nitrate, nitrite and N-nitroso compounds. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1994, 292, 1–38. [Google Scholar]
- Gatseva, P.; Dimitrov, I. Population morbidity in a community with nitrate contamination of drinking water. Folia Medica 1997, 39, 65–71. [Google Scholar]
- Leroy, B.M.M.; Bommele, L.; Reheul, D.; Moen, M.; de Neve, S. The application of vegetable, fruit and garden waste (VFG) compost in addition to cattle slurry in a silage maize monoculture: Effects on soil fauna and yield. Eur. J. Soil Biol. 2007, 43, 91–100. [Google Scholar]
- Dunning, S.; Ur Rehman, A.; Tiebosch, M.H.; Hannivoort, R.A.; Haijer, F.W.; Woudenberg, J.; van den Heuvel, F.A.; Buist-Homan, M.; Faber, K.N.; Moshage, H. Glutathione and antioxidant enzymes serve complementary roles in protecting activated hepatic stellate cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2013, 1832, 2027–2034. [Google Scholar]
- Dalton, D.A.; Russell, S.A.; Hanus, F.J.; Pascoe, G.A.; Evans, H.J. Enzymatic reactions of ascorbate and glutathione that prevent peroxide damage in soybean root nodules. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1986, 83, 3811–3813. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, Y.S.H.; Bunce, A.J.; Maas, L.J. Elevated carbon dioxide increases contents of antioxidant compounds in field-grown strawberries. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51, 4315–4320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ziegler, D.M. Role of reversible oxidation reduction of enzyme thiol-disulfides in metabolic regulation. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1985, 54, 305–329. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lewis, N.G. Plant Phenolics. In Antioxidants in Higher Plants; Alscher, R.G., Hess, J.L., Eds.; CRC: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1993; pp. 135–160. [Google Scholar]
- Larson, R.A. The antioxidants of higher plants. Phytochemistry 1988, 27, 969–978. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, R.; Yuan, G.; Wang, Q. Effects of sucrose and mannitol accumulation of health promoting components and activity of metabolic enzymes in brocolli sprout. Sci. Hort. 2011, 128, 159–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Frankel, E.N.; Huang, S.W.; Kanner, J.; German, J.B. Interfacial phenomena in the evaluation of antioxidants: Bulk oils versus emulsions. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1994, 42, 1054–1059. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Murakami, M.; Yamaguchi, T.; Takamura, H.; Matoba, T. Effects of ascorbic acid and tocopherol on antioxidant activity of polyphenolic compounds. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2003, 68, 1622–1625. [Google Scholar]
- Benzie, I.F.; Strain, J.F. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: The FRAP assay. Anal. Biochem. 1996, 239, 70–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luximon-Ramma, A.; Bahorun, T.; Soobrattee, A.M.; Aruoma, O.I. Antioxidant activities of phenolics, proanthocyanidin and flavonoid components in extracts of Acacia fistula. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 50, 5042–5047. [Google Scholar]
- Ibrahim, M.H.; Jaafar, H.Z.E. Abscisic Acid Induced Changes in Production of Primary and Secondary Metabolites, Photosynthetic Capacity, Antioxidant Capability, Antioxidant Enzymes and Lipoxygenase Inhibitory Activity of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. Molecules 2013, 18, 7957–7976. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghasemzadeh, A.; Jaafar, H.Z.E.; Rahmat, A.; Wahab, P.E.M.; Halim, M.R.A. Effect of different light intensities on total phenolics and flavonoid synthesis and anti-oxidant activities in young ginger varieties (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11, 3885–3897. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ghasemzadeh, A.; Jaafar, H.Z.E. Effect of CO2 enrichment on synthesis of some primary and secondary metabolites in ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12, 1101–1114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghasemzadeh, A.; Jaafar, H.Z.E.; Rahmat, A. Synthesis of phenolics and flavonoids in ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and their effects on photosynthesis rate. Int. J. Mol.Sci. 2010, 11, 4539–4555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yen, G.C.; Duh, P.D. Scavenging effects of methanolic extract of peanut hulls on free-radical and active oxygen species. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1994, 42, 629–632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Glenn, M.I.; Thomas-Barberan, F.T.; Hess-Pirce, B.; Kader, A.A. Antioxidant capacities, phenolic compounds, carotenoids and vitamin C contents of nectarine, peach and plum cultivars from California. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 4976–4982. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Woese, K.; Lange, D.; Boess, C; Bögl, K.W. A comparison of organically and conventionally grown foods—Results of a review of the relevant literature. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1997, 74, 281–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khalil, M.Y.; Moustafa, A.A.; Naguib, N.Y. Growth, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of some medicinal plants grown under organic farming condition. J. Agric. Sci. 2007, 3, 451–457. [Google Scholar]
- Makkar, H.P.S.; Siddhuraju, S.; Siddhuraju, P.; Becker, K. Plant Secondary Metabolites; Humana Press: Totowa, NJ, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Davies, S.H.R.; Masten, S.J. Spectrophotometric method for ascorbic acid using dichlorophenolindophenol: Elimination of the interference due to iron. Anal. Chim. Acta 1991, 248, 225–227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghasemzadeh, A.; Jaafar, H.Z.; Rahmat, A. Elevated carbon dioxide increases contents of flavonoids and phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activities in malaysian young ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe.) varieties. Molecules 2010, 15, 7907–7922. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karimi, E.; Ehsan, O.; Rudi, H.; Jaafar, H.Z.E. Evaluation of Crocus sativus L. Stigma phenolic and flavonoid compounds and its antioxidant activity. Molecules 2010, 15, 6244–6256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, H. Affecting the activity of soybean lipoxygenase-1. J. Mol. Graph. 1996, 14, 331–337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ibrahim, M.H.; Jaafar, H.Z.E.; Haniff, M.H.; Raffi, M.Y. Changes in growth and photosynthetic patterns of oil palm seedlings exposed to short term CO2 enrichment in a closed top chamber. Acta Physiol. Plant. 2010, 32, 305–313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ibrahim, M.H.; Jaafar, H.Z.E. Impact of elevated carbon dioxide on primary, secondary metabolites and antioxidant responses of Eleais guineensis Jacq. (Oil Palm) seedlings. Molecules 2012, 17, 5195–5211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ibrahim, M.H.; Jaafar, H.Z.E. Primary, secondary metabolites, H2O2, malondialdehyde and photosynthetic responses of Orthosiphon stimaneus Benth to different irradiance levels. Molecules 2012, 17, 1159–1176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ibrahim, M.H.; Jaafar, H.Z.E. Relationship between extractable chlorophyll content and SPAD values in three varieties of kacip fatimah under greenhouse conditions. J. Plant Nutr. 2013, 36, 1366–1372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sample Availability: Not available.
© 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Share and Cite
Ibrahim, M.H.; Jaafar, H.Z.E.; Karimi, E.; Ghasemzadeh, A. Impact of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers Application on the Phytochemical and Antioxidant Activity of Kacip Fatimah (Labisia pumila Benth). Molecules 2013, 18, 10973-10988. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules180910973
Ibrahim MH, Jaafar HZE, Karimi E, Ghasemzadeh A. Impact of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers Application on the Phytochemical and Antioxidant Activity of Kacip Fatimah (Labisia pumila Benth). Molecules. 2013; 18(9):10973-10988. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules180910973
Chicago/Turabian StyleIbrahim, Mohd Hafiz, Hawa Z. E. Jaafar, Ehsan Karimi, and Ali Ghasemzadeh. 2013. "Impact of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers Application on the Phytochemical and Antioxidant Activity of Kacip Fatimah (Labisia pumila Benth)" Molecules 18, no. 9: 10973-10988. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules180910973