Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Analysis of Volatile Components in Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis Roem
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Plant species/variety | Major compound | Methods of testing/extraction | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Narcissus poeticus L. | α-terpineol, menthyl-(E)-isoeugenol, methyl-(E)-isoeugenol, and benzyl benzoate | headspace | [3] |
N. trevithian and N. geranium | Authors did not present any quantitative data on the individual compounds. However, they reported N. trevithian contains more phenolic compounds and fewer esters compared to N. geranium | high vacuum distillation | [4] |
N. tazetta var. chinensis | benzyl alcohol, α-terpineol, γ-phenylpropyl alcohol, 1,8-cineole, benzyl acetate, and linalool | hydrodistillation | [5] |
N. tazetta florepleno | benzyl acetate, methyl anthranilate, benzyl alcohol, and linalool | hydrodistillation | [6] |
Narcissus, two cultivars | benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, linalool, and indole | hydrodistillation | [7] |
Fresh narcissus flowers | benzyl alcohol , and α-terpineol | headspace | [8] |
Narcissus flowers | (E)-β-ocimene and α-terpineol | Likens-Nickerson extraction | [9] |
Narcissus flowers | benzyl acetate, (E)-β-ocimene, 3,4-dimethoxytoluene, and 3,5-dimethoxytoluene | headspace | [10] |
Zhangzhou narcissus flowers | benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, indole, 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol, and ρ-mentha-1,8-dien-4-yl acetate | hydrodistillation | [11] |
N. tazetta var. chinensis | benzyl acetate, linalool, and 1,8-cineole | hydrodistillation | [12] |
N. tazetta and N. tazetta subsp. tazetta | γ-terpinene for N. tazetta γ-terpinene, linalool, and benzyl acetate for N. tazetta subsp. tazetta | lab-prepared absolutes | [13] |
N. taztta var. chinensis | benzyl acetate and (E)-β-ocimene | headspace and simultaneous distillation | [14] |
N. tazetta and N. serotinus | trans-ocimene for N. tazetta benzyl acetate for N. serotinus. | hydrodistillation | [15] |
N. poeticus L. | cinnamy alcohol, methyl isoeugenol, isoeugenol, methyl eugenol, α-terpinol, and phenyl propyl alcohol | hexane and supercritical CO2 extraction | [16] |
N. pseudonarcissus L. | (E)-β-ocimene | headspace | [17] |
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Analysis of the Volatiles in Fresh Single- and Double-Flowered Chinese Narcissus Flowers
2.2. Volatile Compounds over the Vase-Life of Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis Roem
Compound | RI x | RI y | Content (%) z | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Single-flowered | Double-flowered | |||
Monoterpenes | ||||
α-Pinene | 936 | 941 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.31 ± 0.05 |
Sabinene | 973 | 967 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.15 ± 0.05 |
β-Pinene | 978 | 971 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.06 |
Myrcene | 987 | 983 | 0.61 ± 0.05 | 1.22 ± 0.09 |
α-Phellandrene | 1002 | 1002 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
δ-3-Carene | 1010 | 1004 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.40 ± 0.15 |
α-Terpinene | 1013 | 1011 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 |
Limonene | 1025 | 1030 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
(Z)-β-Ocimene | 1029 | 1037 | 1.80 ± 0.49 | 4.64 ± 0.78 |
(E)-β-Ocimene | 1041 | 1040 | 62.73 ± 6.04 | 66.06 ± 11.01 |
γ-Terpinene | 1051 | 1051 | 0.42 ± 0.11 | 0.27 ± 0.08 |
α-Terpinolene | 1082 | 1085 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.03 |
allo-Ocimene | 1113 | 1116 | 1.21 ± 0.07 | 1.22 ± 0.48 |
Monoterpene alcohols | ||||
Linalool | 1086 | 1087 | 1.14 ± 0.59 | 1.71 ± 0.35 |
α-Terpineol | 1176 | 1174 | 0.28 ± 0.02 | 0.06 ± 0.02 |
Myrtenol | 1178 | 1176 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.01 |
Monoterpene aldehyde | ||||
Citronellal | 1129 | 1129 | <0.01 | |
Monoterpene esters | ||||
Neryl acetate | 1342 | 1345 | <0.01 | |
Geranyl acetate | 1362 | 1362 | <0.01 | |
Methyl cinnamate | 1354 | 1373 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | |
Cinnamyl acetate | 1420 | 1422 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | |
Monoterpene oxide | ||||
1,8-Cineole | 1025 | 1025 | 1.49 ± 0.50 | 4.05 ± 0.35 |
Aromatic aldehyde | ||||
Benzaldehyde | 964 | 964 | <0.01 | |
Aromatic alcohol | ||||
Benzyl alcohol | 1006 | 1032 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
Aromatic esters | ||||
Benzyl acetate | 1134 | 1165 | 25.02 ± 5.66 | 11.65 ± 4.22 |
Phenethyl acetate | 1230 | 1269 | 1.12 ± 0.16 | 0.38 ± 0.08 |
3-Phenylpropyl acetate | 1335 | 1357 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 0.51 ± 0.04 |
Benzyl benzoate | 1730 | 1769 | 0.17 ± 0.02 | |
Sesquiterpene | ||||
β-Caryophyllene | 1431 | 1430 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | |
Aliphatic esters | ||||
Isoamyl acetate | 893 | 886 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 |
Prenyl acetate | 979 | 906 | 1.26 ± 0.29 | 2.18 ± 0.38 |
3-Hexenyl acetate | 985 | 985 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | |
Hydrocarbons | ||||
Pentadecane | 1500 | 1500 | 0.23 ± 0.09 | 0.02 ± 0.01 |
Eicosane | 2000 | 1983 | 0.08 ± 0.03 | 0.06 ± 0.03 |
Other | ||||
Indole | 1257 | 1295 | 0.33 ± 0.11 | 0.26 ± 0.04 |
Compound | RI x | Single-flowered (peak areas) y | Double-flowered (peak areas) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |||
Monoterpenes | ||||||||||||||||
α-Pinene | 941 | 8.99bc | 4.82d | 4.28de | 2.01e | 11.28bc | 13.23b | 17.30a | 18.19 a | 9.65bc | 9.50bc | |||||
Sabinene | 967 | 1.30d | 0.69e | 0.10f | 5.17a | 1.82c | 2.61b | 1.70c | ||||||||
β-Pinene | 976 | 1.21c | 0.84c | 0.73c | 3.54b | 2.03c | 9.48a | 1.87c | ||||||||
Myrcene | 983 | 30.88d | 22.61e | 25.15d | 8.87fg | 1.81g | 29.16d | 46.25c | 68.39b | 107.22a | 25.84d | 14.64ef | 13.34f | |||
α-Phellandrene | 1002 | <0.10 | ||||||||||||||
δ-3-Carene | 1004 | 2.43f | 1.91f | 1.90f | 1.32f | 1.11f | 10.19e | 20.35b | 36.72a | 21.80b | 18.30c | 17.10c | 13.30d | |||
α-Terpinene | 1011 | 1.00cde | 1.99b | 2.74a | 1.23cd | 0.91e | 0.89e | 1.26c | 1.27c | 0.98de | 0.42f | |||||
Limonene | 1030 | <0.10 | ||||||||||||||
(Z)-β-ocimene | 1037 | 43.81de | 139.76c | 144.44c | 64.98d | 9.12fg | 2.81g | 1.83g | 28.70efg | 137.02c | 221.85b | 698.81a | 237.87b | 72.20d | 35.13ef | |
(E)-β-ocimene | 1040 | 792.65ef | 2271.78d | 2299.77d | 645.21f | 27.79h | 4.64h | 2.24h | 311.77g | 2694.95c | 3147.59b | 9914.71a | 3371.10b | 1024.45e | 659.79f | |
γ-Terpinene | 1051 | 18.09c | 9.50d | 7.47d | 4.20e | 3.89e | 1.48e | 1.39e | 8.72d | 16.68c | 18.88bc | 21.77ab | 22.62a | 21.67ab | 18.75c | |
α-Terpinolene | 1085 | 2.41e | 2.01e | 1.76f | 2.24e | 3.23d | 4.33c | 8.31a | 5.83b | |||||||
Allo-ocimene | 1116 | 37.71f | 44.83e | 49.57d | 15.48h | 1.28j | 7.87i | 48.03de | 58.36c | 184.16a | 70.96b | 26.29g | 16.65h | |||
Monoterpene alcohols | ||||||||||||||||
Linalool | 1087 | 58.85g | 112.42f | 109.84f | 51.48g | 20.99i | 17.78i | 1.21j | 21.43i | 147.11de | 188.91c | 280.72a | 243.05b | 159.81d | 32.88h | |
α-Terpineol | 1174 | 12.11b | 15.21a | 3.61c | 3.06c | |||||||||||
Myrtenol | 1176 | 1.34g | 1.80d | 2.03b | 1.45f | 1.62e | 1.95bc | 3.48a | 1.90c | |||||||
Monoterpene ketone | ||||||||||||||||
6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one | 965 | 0.10b | 11.10a | |||||||||||||
Monoterpene esters | ||||||||||||||||
Geranyl acetate | 1362 | 4.49a | 3.01b | 2.10c | ||||||||||||
Methyl cinnamate | 1373 | 3.70e | 3.76de | 4.71cd | 4.43cde | 5.23c | 4.22de | 3.72de | 11.06a | 9.56b | ||||||
Cinnamyl acetate | 1422 | 3.20c | 6.08a | 4.86b | ||||||||||||
Monoterpene oxide | ||||||||||||||||
1,8-Cineole | 1025 | 143.23d | 158.73d | 144.65d | 64.14g | 11.56h | 2.76h | 1.45h | 85.13f | 222.04c | 268.56b | 450.91a | 271.20b | 122.62e | 65.85fg | |
Aromatic alcohol | ||||||||||||||||
Benzyl alcohol | 1032 | 1.40b | 1.82a | 1.51b | 0.72d | 1.12c | ||||||||||
Aromatic esters | ||||||||||||||||
Benzyl acetate | 1165 | 675.59e | 1324.56b | 1390.43b | 119.50hi | 20.52j | 7.10j | 4.47j | 186.44gh | 927.25d | 1023.59c | 1598.03a | 568.64f | 256.70g | 99.44i | |
Phenethyl acetate | 1169 | 15.59g | 24.91e | 18.12fg | 6.90h | 2.78i | 1.78i | 46.14b | 32.15d | 20.86f | 53.12a | 38.77c | 14.91g | 7.81h | ||
3-Phenylpropyl acetate | 1357 | 6.43d | 12.02c | 63.45a | 34.34b | 6.37d | ||||||||||
Benzyl benzoate | 1769 | 5.31a | 3.79b | 1.79c | ||||||||||||
Sesquiterpene | ||||||||||||||||
β-caryophyllene | 1430 | 8.15a | 2.56c | 2.50c | 4.32b | 4.22b | ||||||||||
Aliphatic esters | ||||||||||||||||
Isoamyl acetate | 886 | 2.41g | 2.94g | 3.10g | 11.15bc | 8.13d | 11.98b | 6.10e | 3.69g | 4.15fg | 5.80ef | 5.85ef | 9.64cd | 17.54a | 17.59a | |
Prenyl acetate | 906 | 50.71e | 62.61d | 65.91d | 40.82f | 3.27h | 2.05h | 24.15g | 108.26c | 147.73a | 125.11b | 123.04b | 44.73f | 21.61g | ||
3-Hexenyl acetate | 985 | 1.03b | 2.79a | |||||||||||||
Hydrocarbons | ||||||||||||||||
Pentadecane | 1500 | 6.80e | 11.61de | 15.22d | 18.73d | 15.70d | 15.00d | 5.51e | 50.10a | 43.63abc | 37.21c | 47.12ab | 42.67bc | |||
Eicosane | 1983 | 7.87b | 4.31d | 3.49e | 2.84f | 5.03c | 4.02d | 11.61a | 5.11c | 2.08g | ||||||
Other | ||||||||||||||||
Indole | 1295 | 12.50ef | 36.07b | 34.48b | 18.03a | 1.81h | 0.61h | 30.26c | 41.90a | 19.40d | 14.22e | 10.52fg | 9.35g |
Compounds | Single-flowered (peak areas) | Double-flowered (peak areas) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | ||
Monoterpenes | 940.48 | 2500.74 | 2537.91 | 742.07 | 45.00 | 8.93 | 5.46 | 419.87 | 2984.5 | 3586.4 | 10979.8 | 3763.44 | 1186.83 | 757.38 | |
Monoterpene alcohols | 72.30 | 129.43 | 115.48 | 55.99 | 20.99 | 17.78 | 1.21 | 21.43 | 148.73 | 190.86 | 284.2 | 244.95 | 159.81 | 32.88 | |
Monoterpene ketone | 0.10 | 11.10 | |||||||||||||
Monoterpene esters | 8.19 | 6.77 | 6.81 | 4.43 | 8.43 | 6.08 | 9.08 | 3.72 | 11.06 | 9.56 | |||||
Monoterpene oxide | 143.23 | 158.73 | 144.65 | 64.14 | 11.56 | 2.76 | 1.45 | 85.13 | 222.04 | 268.56 | 450.91 | 271.2 | 122.62 | 65.85 | |
Aromatic alcohols | 1.40 | 1.82 | 1.51 | 0.72 | 1.12 | ||||||||||
Aromatic esters | 691.18 | 1349.47 | 1408.55 | 131.71 | 27.09 | 10.67 | 4.47 | 232.58 | 965.83 | 1056.47 | 1714.60 | 641.75 | 277.98 | 107.25 | |
Sesquiterpene | 8.15 | 2.56 | 2.50 | 4.32 | 4.22 | ||||||||||
Aliphatic esters | 53.12 | 65.55 | 69.01 | 51.97 | 12.43 | 16.82 | 6.10 | 27.84 | 112.41 | 153.53 | 130.96 | 132.68 | 62.27 | 39.20 | |
Hydrocarbons | 14.67 | 15.92 | 18.71 | 21.57 | 15.70 | 15.00 | 5.51 | 50.10 | 48.66 | 41.23 | 58.73 | 47.78 | 2.08 | ||
Other | 12.50 | 36.07 | 34.48 | 18.03 | 1.81 | 0.61 | 30.26 | 41.90 | 19.40 | 14.22 | 10.52 | 9.35 | |||
Totals (peak areas) | 1928.88 | 4274.07 | 4339.63 | 1094.79 | 143.33 | 85.32 | 35.30 | 843.03 | 4521.51 | 5343.39 | 13650.78 | 5125.58 | 1822.11 | 1011.91 |
2.3. Comparison of Volatile Compounds from Single-Flowered and Double-Flowered of Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis Roem
3. Experimental
3.1. Plant Materials
3.2. Methods
3.2.1. Volatile Components of Narcissus Flowers
3.2.2. Analysis of Volatile Compounds
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chen, H.-C.; Chi, H.-S.; Lin, L.-Y. Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Analysis of Volatile Components in Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis Roem. Molecules 2013, 18, 13723-13734. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules181113723
Chen H-C, Chi H-S, Lin L-Y. Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Analysis of Volatile Components in Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis Roem. Molecules. 2013; 18(11):13723-13734. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules181113723
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Hsin-Chun, Hai-Shan Chi, and Li-Yun Lin. 2013. "Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Analysis of Volatile Components in Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis Roem" Molecules 18, no. 11: 13723-13734. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules181113723