The molecular formula of pestalafuranone A (1) was established as C₁₁H₁₄O₃ (five degrees of unsaturation) by analysis of its HRESIMS [m/z 217.0840 (M+Na)⁺; Δ +0.5 mmu] and NMR data (Table 1 and Table 2). Interpretation of the ¹H-, ¹³C-, and HMQC-NMR spectroscopic data of 1 indicated the presence of two methyl groups, three methylene units (one oxygenated), one disubstituted and one tetrasubstituted olefin, and two carbonyl carbons, leaving one degree of unsaturation and this suggesting 1 to be a monocyclic compound. Analysis of the ¹H–¹H COSY NMR data led to the identification of two isolated proton spin-systems corresponding to the C-6–C-8 and C-9–C-10 subunits of structure 1. HMBC correlations from H-7 to C-3 and from H-6 to C-2, C-3, and C-4 led to the connection of C-3 to C-6, whereas correlations from H₂-10 to C-4, H₂-9 to C-3, C-4, C-5, and from the oxygenated methylene protons H₂-5 to C-3, C-4 and C-9 indicated that C-3, C-5, and C-9 were all connected to C-4. Key HMBC correlation of H₂-5 with C-2 established the α,β-unsaturated γ-lactone subunit. Cross peaks from Me-12 to C-10, C-11 and from CH₂-10 to C-11, C-12 in the HMBC spectra (Figure 1) confirmed that C-11 was connected to C-10 and C-12. Thus the structure of 1 was determined as shown in Figure 2.

The molecular formula of pestalafuranone B (2) was determined to be C₁₁H₁₄O₃ by analysis of its HRESIMS (m/z 217.0842 [M+Na]⁺; Δ +0.7 mmu) and NMR data (Table 1 and Table 2). Analysis of the ¹H and ¹³C-NMR data of 2 revealed the presence of structural features similar to those found in 1, except the signal for the ketone group (δ_C 206.1) present in 1 was replaced by an oxymethine (δ_H 4.52; δ_C 68.3), and the two methylene units CH₂-9 and CH₂-10 were replaced by two olefinic methines (δ_H 6.77 and 6.04). The ¹H–¹H COSY correlations for pestalafuranone B finally confirmed the above observations, leading to the assignment of the planar structure of 2.

Pestalafuranone C (3) was assigned a molecular formula of C₁₁H₁₆O₃ (four degrees of unsaturation) on the basis of HRESIMS analysis [m/z 219.0998 (M+Na)⁺; Δ +0.6 mmu] and NMR data (Table 1 and Table 2), thus having two mass units more than 1. Analysis of the ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR data for 3 indicated that the C-6/C-7 olefinic bond observed in 1 was reduced to give two methylene units, which was further confirmed by analysis of its ¹H–¹H COSY NMR data.

The molecular formula of pestalafuranone D (4) was established as C₁₁H₁₄O₃ (five degrees of unsaturation) by analysis of its HRESIMS [m/z 217.0846 (M+Na)⁺; Δ +1.1 mmu] and NMR data (Table 1 and Table 2). The ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR data of 4 suggested the presence of the same α,β-unsaturated γ-lactone subunit with a propenyl side chain attached to C-3, as that appearing in compounds 1 and 3. Analysis of the ¹H–¹H COSY NMR data of 4 led to the identification of the C-9–C-12 partial structure. Considering the ¹³C chemical shifts for C-10 (δ_C 57.2) and C-11 (δ_C 54.7) as well as the unsaturation index, C-10 and C-11 must be attached to the remaining oxygen to form an epoxide moiety. Therefore, the planar structure of pestalafuranone D was elucidated as depicted in 4.

The molecular formula of pestalafuranone E (5) was determined to be C₁₁H₁₆O₃ on the basis of HRESIMS analysis [m/z 219.0995 (M+Na)⁺; Δ +0.3 mmu] and NMR data (Table 1 and Table 2). Examination of the ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR data revealed the close resemblance of 5 to 4, except for the reduction of the C-6/C-7 olefinic bond in 4 giving the structure of 5, which was further supported by relevant ¹H–¹H COSY correlations.

The C-6/C-7 double bond in compounds 1, 2 and 4, and the C-9/C-10 double bond in 2, were assigned an E-geometry on the basis of the coupling constants observed for the corresponding olefinic protons (J = 16 Hz). The vicinal coupling constant of J = 2.0 Hz between H-10 and H-11 in compounds 4 and 5 suggested a cis relationship between these two protons [7]. Due to the limited amount available of compound 2, its absolute configuration was not determined.

Pestalafuranones A–E (compounds 1–5) were tested for in vivo activity against HIV-1. Pestalafuranones A–C (compounds 1–3) showed weak inhibitory effects on HIV-1 replication in C8166 cells, with EC₅₀ values of 10.52, 24.32 and 36.74 μg/mL, respectively (the EC₅₀ values of positive control zidovudine (AZT) and indinavir sulfate (IDV) were 2.17 ng/mL and 3.92 ng/mL, respectively).

In the antifungal bioassay, pestalafuranone D (4) showed weak activity against the plant pathogenic fungi Verticillium dahiae (CGMCC 3758) with IC₅₀ values of 24.5 μg/mL, whereas pestalafuranone E (5) displayed moderate activity against Alternaria longipes (CGMCC 2875) with IC₅₀ values of 10.3 μg/mL (positive control fluconazole showed IC₅₀ value of 0.50 and 0.30 μg/mL).

Optical rotations were measured on a Perkin-Elmer 241 polarimeter, and UV data were recorded on Shimadzu Biospec-1601 spectrophotometer. IR data were recorded using a Nicolet Magna-IR 750 spectrophotometer. ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR data were acquired with Varian Mercury-400/500 spectrometers using solvent signals (CDCl₃; δ_H 7.26/δ_C 77.7; acetone-d₆; δ_H 2.05/δ_C 29.8, 206.0) as references. The HMQC and HMBC experiments were optimized for 145.0 and 8.0 Hz, respectively. ESIMS data were recorded on a Bruker Esquire 3000^plus spectrometer. HRESI MS data were obtained using a Bruker APEX III 7.0 T spectrometer.

The culture of P. besseyi was isolated by Professor Guo from Dongling Mountain, Beijing, in May 2005. The isolate was identified by Prof. Guo, and assigned the accession number 1,009 in his culture collection at the Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing. The isolate was subcultured on PDA slants at 25 °C for 15 days. The agar plugs were used to inoculate 250-mL Erlenmeyer flasks, each containing 50 mL of media (0.4% glucose, 1% malt extract, and 0.4% yeast extract), and the final pH of the media was adjusted to 6.5 before sterilization. Flask cultures were incubated at 25 °C on a rotary shaker at 170 rpm for five days. Twenty 500-mL Erlenmeyer flasks, each containing 150 mL of liquid media (6% dextrin, 2% maltose, 0.75% cotton-seed meal, 0.7% peptone, 0.25% CaCO3, 0.25% gSO4·7H2O, 0.1% FeSO4·7H2O, 0.001% ZnSO4; final pH 6.0) and 30 g of vermiculite were individually inoculated with 15 mL of the seed culture, and incubated at 25 °C for 10 days.

The fermented material was freeze-dried and extracted with methyl ethyl ketone (3 × 500 mL), and the organic solvent was evaporated to dryness under vacuum to afford 5.0 g of crude extract. The extract was fractionated by silica gel column chromatography (5 × 40 cm) using CHCl₃–CH₃OH gradient elution. The fraction (50 mg) that was eluted with 1% MeOH was further separated by semipreparative reversed-phase HPLC (Kramosil C₁₈ column; 10-µm; 10 × 250 mm, 2 mL/min) to afford pestalafuranone B (2; 1.9 mg, t_R 15.3 min; 50% MeOH in H₂O over 2 min, 50–72% over 10 min, 72–74% over 13 min). The fraction (180 mg) that was eluted with 2% MeOH was then separated by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography (CH₂Cl₂–n-C₆H₁₄ = 4:1) to afford six fractions. Fraction 3 (60 mg) was successively separated by semipreparative reversed-phase HPLC (32% MeOH in H₂O over 2 min, 32–55% over 60 min) afforded pestalafuranones A (1; 1.6 mg, t_R 25.7 min), C (3; 6.0 mg, t_R 26.6 min), D (4; 1.5 mg, t_R 30.0 min), and E (5; 3.5 mg, t_R 31.5 min).

Pestalafuranone A (1): colorless oil; UV (CH₃OH) λ_max 272 (ε 7800), 265 (ε 6600) nm; IR (Neat) ν_max 2962, 1748, 1717, 1448, 1364 cm⁻¹; ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR data, see Table 1 and Table 2; HRESIMS obsd. m/z 217.0840 [M+Na]⁺ (calcd for C₁₁H₁₄O₃Na, 217.0835).

Pestalafuranone B (2): pale yellow oil; [α]_D −16 (c 0.05, CH₃OH); UV (CH₃OH) λ_max 270 (ε 3300) nm; IR (Neat) ν_max 3403 (br), 2932, 1749, 1446 cm⁻¹; ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR data, see Table 1 and Table 2; HRESIMS obsd. m/z 217.0842 [M+Na]⁺ (calcd for C₁₁H₁₄O₃Na, 217.0835).

Pestalafuranone C (3): pale yellow oil; UV (CH₃OH) λ_max 265 (ε 6600), 235 (ε 4300) nm; IR (Neat) ν_max 2919, 1752, 1717, 1445, 1365 cm⁻¹; ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR data, see Table 1 and Table 2; HRESIMS obsd. m/z 219.0998 [M+Na]⁺ (calcd for C₁₁H₁₆O₃Na, 219.0992).

Pestalafuranone D (4): colorless oil; [α]_D +32 (c 0.05, CH₃OH); UV (CH₃OH) λ_max 275 (ε 4460) nm; IR (Neat) ν_max 2963, 1751, 1450, 1381 cm⁻¹; ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR data, see Table 1 and Table 2; HRESIMS obsd. m/z 217.0846 [M+Na]⁺ (calcd for C₁₁H₁₄O₃Na, 217.0835).

Pestalafuranone D (5): colorless oil; [α]_D +16 (c 0.05, CH₃OH); UV (CH₃OH) λ_max 275 (ε 6270) nm; IR (Neat) ν_max 2931, 1753, 1446, 1346 cm⁻¹; ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR data, see Table 1 and Table 2; HRESIMS obsd. m/z 219.0995 [M+Na]⁺ (calcd for C₁₁H₁₆O₃Na, 219.0992).

Anti-HIV assays were conducted in triplicate by the following methods: the inhibition of HIV replication, represented by the reduction of p24 antigen was determined by p24 antigen capture ELISA [8]. C8166 cells were exposed to HIV-1_LAI (MOI = 0.058) at 37 °C for 1 h, washed with PBS to remove free viruses, and then seeded into a 96-well microtitre plate at 3 × 10⁴ cells per well in the absence or presence of test compounds. AZT and IDV (provided by the NIH AIDS Reagent Program) were used as positive controls. After 4 days, the supernatant was collected and inactivated by 0.5% Triton X-100. The supernatant was diluted three times, added to the plate coating with anti-p24 McAb (provided by Dr. Bin Yan), and incubated at 37 °C for 1 h. After washing 5 times with PBST, the HRP labeled anti-p24 antibody (provided by Dr. Bin Yan) was added and incubated at 37 °C for 1 h. The plate was washed 5 times with PBST, followed by adding OPD reaction mixture and termination buffer. The assay plate was read at 490 nm using a microplate reader within 30 min. The inhibition rate and the EC₅₀ based on p24 antigen expression level were calculated.

Antifungal bioassays were conducted in triplicate by following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommendations [9]. The plant pathogenic fungal strains were obtained from China General Microbial Culture Collection (CGMCC), and grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA). The fungal inocula were then prepared from broth cultures that were incubated at 25 °C for 48 h, and the final suspensions contained 10⁴ hyphae/mL of corresponding plant pathogenic fungi. Test samples (10 mg/mL as stock solution in DMSO and serial dilutions) were transferred to 96-well clear plate in triplicate, and the suspensions of test organisms were added to each well achieving a final volume of 200 μL (fluconazole was used as positive control; 10 μL of 10% alamar blue solution was added to each well as indicator). After incubation (28 °C for 48 h), the fluorescence intensity was measured at Ex/Em = 544/590 nm. The inhibition rate was calculated and plotted versus test concentrations to afford the IC₅₀ values.