Next Article in Journal
Subnanosecond Charge Recombination Dynamics in P3HT/PC61BM Films
Previous Article in Journal
A New Prenylated Naphthoquinoid from the Aerial Parts of Clinopodium chinense (Benth.) O. Kuntze
 
 
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Isolation and Identification of the Phenolic Compounds from the Roots of Sanguisorba officinalis L. and Their Antioxidant Activities

School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2012, 17(12), 13917-13922; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules171213917
Submission received: 26 September 2012 / Revised: 15 November 2012 / Accepted: 16 November 2012 / Published: 23 November 2012

Abstract

:
Four phenolic compounds were isolated from the roots of Sanguisorba officinalis L. by silica gel column chromatography and preparative HPLC. On the basis of chemical and spectroscopic methods, their structures were identified as methyl 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosy-5-hydroxy-3-methoxylbenzoate (1), 3,3′,4′-tri-O-methylellagic acid (2), fisetinidol-(4α-8)-catechin (3), and (+)-catechin (4). Compound 1 is a new phenolic glycoside and compounds 2 and 3 were isolated from the Sanguisorba genus for the first time. Compounds 14 were also assayed for their antioxidant activities using the DPPH free radical assay.

1. Introduction

Sanguisorba officinalis L. (Rosaceae) is a perennial plant widely distributed in China, and its roots have been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of hemostasis and inflammation [1]. Until now, thirty two phenolic compounds, including tannins and flavonoids, were isolated from S. officinalis L. [2,3,4,5,6,7]. Pharmacological studies on its hemostatic and anti-inflammatory properties have been reported [8,9], but the molecular level mechanisms of these activities have not been reported until now. In order to study the mechanism of hemostasis, we have carried out the isolation and identification of bioactive constituents of the roots of S. officinalis L. In a previous paper [10], we have reported the terpenoid constituents from the roots of S. officinalis L. As another part of our study, we report in the present study the isolation and identification of a new phenolic glycoside 1, together with three phenolic compounds 2, 3 and 4, and their antioxidant activity.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Isolation and Identification of Compounds 1–4

Compound 1 was obtained as a colorless amorphous powder, which produced a positive reaction to FeCl3 reagent. HR-MS(ESI) indicated the molecular formula of 1 to be C15H20O10. Its IR spectrum indicated the presence of hydroxyl, carbonyl and aromatic groups. Acid hydrolysis of 1 afforded sugar component identified as D-glucose by TLC comparison with an authentic sample. The 1H-NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6) showed the presence of two aromatic protons at δ 7.03 (s, 1H) and 6.92 (s, 1H), two methyl groups at δ 3.77 (s, 3H) and 3.79 (s, 3H), and one β-glucopyranose unit from the anomeric proton at δ 4.83 (d, J = 6.0 Hz). The 13C-NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6) showed fifteen carbon signals, among which six are assigned to one sugar unit, nine to the aglycone moiety, and the nine aglycone moiety carbon signals were attributed to two methyl signals, two methine signals and five quaternary carbons by DEPT and HMQC spectra. By analyzing the 1H-and 13C-NMR data along with the reported data [11], the aglycone moiety was identified as the derivative of gallic acid. The correlations of one methyl protons at δ 3.77 to C-3 at δ 153.0 and another methyl protons at δ 3.79 to C-7 at δ 166.2 in the HMBC spectrum indicated that one methyl group is connected to C-3 through oxygen and another methyl group to C-7 through oxygen. The HMBC correlation H-1' at δ 4.83 to C-4 at δ 138.8 revealed that the linkage position with the glucose unit is at C-4. The complete assignment of the signals of compound 1 was based on DEPT 13C-NMR and 2D NMR of H-H COSY, HMQC and HMBC. All the data of 1H, 13C, and HMBC NMR of compound 1 see Table 1, and key correlations and the structure of compound 1 see Figure 1. Therefore, the structure of compound 1 was elucidated as methyl 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosy-5-hydroxy-3- methoxybenzoate.
Table 1. 1H-NMR (400 MHz), 13C-NMR (100 MHz), HMQC and HMBC data of methyl 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosy-5-hydroxy-3- methoxylbenzoate (DMSO-d6, δ ppm).
Table 1. 1H-NMR (400 MHz), 13C-NMR (100 MHz), HMQC and HMBC data of methyl 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosy-5-hydroxy-3- methoxylbenzoate (DMSO-d6, δ ppm).
No.δCδHHMBC (H→C)No.δCδHHMBC (H→C)
aglycone glc
1125.0 104.54.83 (d, 1H, J = 6.0 Hz)138.8
2102.96.92 (s, 1H)111.8, 138.8, 166.274.03.27 (m, 1H)
3153.0 76.53.22 (m, 1H)
4138.8 69.63.20 (m, 1H)
5152.6 77.33.13 (m, 1H)
6111.87.03 (s, 1H)102.9, 138.8, 166.260.73.49 (m, 1H), 3.62 (d-like, 1H, J = 10.4 Hz)
7166.2
3-OCH356.23.77153.0
7-OCH351.93.79166.2
All assignments based on extensive 1D and 2D NMR experiments (HMQC, HMBC, 1H-1H COSY).
Using similar methods as described above, compounds 24 were identified as 3,3′,4′-tri-O-methylellagic acid (2) [12], fisetinidol-(4α-8)-catechin (3) [13], and (+)-catechin (4) [14], respectively.
Figure 1. The key HMBC correlations of methyl 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosy-5-hydroxy-3-methoxylbenzoate.
Figure 1. The key HMBC correlations of methyl 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosy-5-hydroxy-3-methoxylbenzoate.
Molecules 17 13917 g001

2.2. Antioxidant Activity of Compounds 1–4

Compounds 14 were next assayed for their antioxidant activity with the DPPH free radical assay, and the results are shown in Table 2. The data proved that fisetinidol-(4α-8)-catechin showed the strongest antioxidant activity.
Table 2. The antioxidant assay data of the isolated compounds.
Table 2. The antioxidant assay data of the isolated compounds.
CompoundIC50 (ug/mL)
Methyl 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosy-5-hydroxy-3-methoxylbenzoate (1) 720 ± 7.3
3,3′,4′-tri-O-Methylellagic acid (2) 820 ± 7.3
Fisetinidol-(4α-8)-catechin (3)12.3 ± 0.2
(+)-Catechin (4)38.2 ± 0.5
Note: All values are averages of at least three runs in Table 2.

3. Experimental

3.1. General

IR spectra were recorded on a FT-IR 5DX Nicolet/Nicolet Magna IR-560 spectrometer (Thermo Scientific, Osaka, Japan). 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AV-400 spectrometer (Zürich, Switzerland). HR-ESI-MS were recorded on a Bruker microOTOF-Q II mass spectrometer. Prep. HPLC was performed on a Shimadzu LC-10A equipped with a SPD-10A detector and Gemini 5 μm C18 110A column (250 mm × 10.00 mm, 5 μm, flow rate: 3.0 mL/min). The bioactivities were measured on WFZ UV-2100 ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer (Unico Shanghai Instrument Company Limited, Shanghai, China), using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH, Sigma-Aldrich, Shanghai, China). The roots of S. officinalis L. were collected in Tong-Hua County in Jilin Province, China. They were identified by Prof. Jing-Min Zhang of the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.

3.2. Extraction and Isolation

The air-dried the roots of S. officinalis (4.0 kg) were extracted with 70% EtOH (ca. 20 L, 24 h, room temperature). The EtOH extract was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the viscous concentrate (420 g) was passed through a D101 polyporous resin column eluting successively with H2O, 30% EtOH, 70% EtOH, and 95% EtOH, and by vacuum distillation recovery, four fractions were obtained. The 30% ethanol eluate was further chromatographed repeatedly on silica gel columns and then purified by preparative RP-HPLC with CH3OH–H2O (30:70) to yield the new compound 1 (20 mg). The 95% ethanol eluate was further chromatographed repeatedly on silica gel columns eluted with CHCl3–MeOH–EtOAc–H2O (3:1:4:2.5, 3:1:7:1.5) to yield compound 2 (200 mg). The 70% EtOH fraction was subjected to silica gel column chromatography eluted with a stepwise gradient mixture of CHCl3–MeOH (9:1; 6:1; 3:1), and finally with MeOH alone, and four fractions I–IV were obtained. Fraction IV was further subjected to a silica gel column eluted with CHCl3–MeOH–EtOAc–H2O (6.5:5:4:1.7), and three fractions (A, B, C) were obtained. Fraction A was applied to a ODS-A (50 μm, 12 nm, YMC, Kyoto, Japan) column eluted with a stepwise gradient mixture of MeOH–H2O (2:3; 3:2; 4:1) to yield compound 3 (230 mg). Fraction C was first separated by a ODS-A (50 μm, 12 nm, YMC, Kyoto, Japan) column eluted with a stepwise gradient mixture of MeOH–H2O (2:3; 3:2; 4:1), and then purified by preparative HPLC using MeOH–H2O (80:20) to yield compound 4 (20 mg).
Methyl 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosy-5-hydroxy-3-methoxylbenzoate (1): Colorless amorphous powders, produced a positive reaction to FeCl3 reagent, m.p. 212–214 °C. HRESIMS, m/z: 383.0948 [M+Na]+ (calcd for 383.0949). IR (KBr) νmax cm−1: 3375 (OH), 1703 (C=O), 1578, 1502, 1403 (aromatic C=C), 1052 (C–O–C). 1H and 13C-NMR: See Table 1.
3,3′,4′-Tri-O-methylellagic acid (2): Pale yellow amorphous powder, produced a positive reaction to FeCl3 reagent. ESIMS, m/z: 345 [M+H]+. 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 10.46 (1H, s, C4-OH), 7.53 (1H, s, 5-H), 7.60 (1H, s, 5′-H), 4.07 (3H, s, C3-OCH3), 4.09 (3H, s, C3′-OCH3), 4.01 (3H, s, C4′-OCH3). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 111.6 (C-1), 141.0 (C-2 ), 140.2 (C-3), 152.6 (C-4), 111.2 (C-5), 112.5 (C-6), 158.3 (C-7), 111.9 (C-1′), 141.5 (C-2′), 140.8(C-3′), 153.8 (C-4′), 107.5 (C-5′), 113.4 (C-6′), 158.5 (C-7′); 61.0 (C3-OCH3), 61.3 (C3′-OCH3), 56.7 (C4′-OCH3).
Fisetinidol-(4α-8)-catechin (3): yellow amorphous powder produced a positive reaction to FeCl3 reagent. HRESIMS, m/z: 563.1536 [M+H]+; (calcd for C30H27O11, 563.1548). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 2.41 (dd, J = 16.0 and 9.2 Hz, H-4F), 2.84 (dd, J = 16.0 and 5.2 Hz, H-4F), 3.76 (m, H-3F), 4.32 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, H-4C), 4.35 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, H-2C), 4.45 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, H-3C), 4.48 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, H-2F), 6.05 (dd, J = 8.0 and 1.5 Hz, H-6′E), 5.92(s, H-6D), 6.06 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, H-8A), 6.17 (dd, J = 8.0 and 2.4 Hz, H-6A), 6.48 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, H-5A), 6.65 (dd, J = 8.0 and 2.0 Hz, H-6′B and H-6′E), 6.66 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, H-5′E and H-5A), 6.68 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, H-5′B), 6.76 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, H-2′B), 6.80 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, H-2′E). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 28.8 (C-4F), 40.0 (C-4C), 66.9 (C-5F), 67.9 (C-3C), 81.4 (C-2F), 82.9 (C-2C), 95.9 (C-6D), 98.6 (C-4aF), 101.9 (C-8A), 106.5 (C-8D), 108.0 (C-6A), 114.7 (C-2′E), 114.8 (C-5′E), 115.0 (C-2′B), 115.2 (C-5′B),118.2 (C-4aC), 118.4 (C-6′E), 119.6 (C-6′B), 128.5 (C-5A), 130.9 (C-1′E), 131.2 (C-1′B), 144.8 (C-3′B and C-3′E), 144.9 (C-4′B and C-4′E), 153.8 (C-7D), 154.2 (C-8aA), 154.7 (C-8aD), 155.0 (C-5D), 156.6 (C-7A).
(+)-Catechin (4): Pale yellow amorphous powder, produced a positive reaction to FeCl3 reagent. ESIMS, m/z: 291 [M+H]+. 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 2.35 (1H, dd, J = 15.9, 7.8 Hz, H-4), 2.66 (1H, dd, J = 15.9, 4.8 Hz, H-4), 3.81 (1H, m, H-3), 4.48 (1H, d, J = 7.3 Hz, H-2), 5.69 (1H, s, H-8), 5.89 (1H, s, H-6), 6.59 (1H, d, J = 7.8 Hz, H-6′), 6.68 (1H, d, J = 7.8 Hz, H-5′), 6.72 (1H, s, H-2′). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 27.8 (C-4), 66.3 (C-3), 81.0 (C-1), 93.8 (C-8), 95.1 (C-6), 99.0 (C-4a), 114.5 (C-2′), 115.0 (C-5′), 118.4 (C-6′), 130.6 (C-1′), 144.8 (C-3′,4′), 155.3 (C-8a), 156.1 (C-5), 156.4 (C-7).

3.3. Acid Hydrolysis of 1

Solution of 1(1.0 mg) in 0.5 M H2SO4 (2.0 mL) was heated under reflux for 3 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was diluted with H2O, neutralized with BaCO3, then filtered. The solution was partitioned with EtOAc to give two layers. The aqueous layer was evaporated and then subjected to TLC analysis with authentic sugar samples using n-BuOH–MeOH–CHCl3–HOAc (12.5:4.5:9:1.5:1, detection with aniline-phthalic acid). Compounds 1 afforded D-glucose (Rf = 0.30).

3.4. Bioactivity Assay

The antioxidant activity of compounds 14 were assessed according to their DPPH scavenging ability. Reaction mixtures, containing 0.5 mL of the relevant compound (dissolved in EtOH) and 2.5 mL of a 100 µM DPPH ethanolic solution, were added to 96-well microtiter plates and incubated at 37 °C for 30 min. Absorbances were measured at 515 nm. Percent inhibition was determined by comparison with an EtOH-treated control group. IC50 values denote the concentration of samples required to scavenge 50% of the DPPH free radicals.

4. Conclusions

Compound 1 is a new phenolic glycoside and compounds 2 and 3 were isolated from the Sanguisorba genus for the first time. Compounds 14 were assayed for their antioxidant activity with DPPH free radicals, and the data proved that fisetinidol-(4α-8)-catechin showed the strongest antioxidant activity.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by National Science and Technology Major Project of China (2009ZX09502-011). The authors gratefully thank Jing-Min Zhang (School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University) for the identification of plants.

References

  1. The Editorial Board of Zhong Hua Ben Cao of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China. In Zhong Hua Ben Cao 4, 1st ed; Scientific and Technical Publishers: Shanghai, China, 1999; p. 281.
  2. Nonaka, G.; Tanaka, T.; Nishioka, I. Tannins and related compounds. Part 3. A new phenolic acid, sanguisorbic acid dilactone, and three new ellagitannins, sanguiins H-1, H-2, and H-3, from Sanguisorba officinalis. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin. Trans. 1 1982, 4, 1067–1073. [Google Scholar]
  3. Nonaka, G.; Tanaka, T.; Nita, M.; Nishioka, I. A dimeric hydrolyzable tannin, sanguiin H-6 from Sanguisorba officinalis L. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1982, 30, 2255–2257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Tanaka, T.; Nonaka, G.; Nishioka, I. Tannins and related compounds. XXVIII: Revision of the structures of sanguiins H-6, H-2, and H-3 and isolation and characterization of sanguiin H-11, a novel tetrameric hydrolysable tannin, and seven related tannins, from Sanguisorba officinalis. J. Chem. Res. 1985, 6, 176–177. [Google Scholar]
  5. Tanaka, T.; Nonaka, G.; Nishioka, I. 7-O-galloyl-(+)-catechin and 3-O-galloylprocyanidin B-3 from Sanguisorba officinalis. Phytochemistry 1983, 22, 2575–2578. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Tanaka, T.; Nonaka, G.; Nishioka, I. Tannins and related compounds XVI. Isolation and characterization of six methyl glucoside gallates and a gallic acid glucoside gallate from Sanguisorba officinalis L. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1984, 32, 117–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Cheng, D.L.; Cao, X.P.; Zhou, P.X.; Yang, P. Isolation and identification of flavonoid compounds in Sanguisorba officinalis. Chin. Tradit. Herb. Drugs 1995, 26, 570–571. [Google Scholar]
  8. Yu, B.B.; Zhong, F.X.; Dong, X. Progress on chemical ingredient of Sanguisorba officinalis L. Chin. J. Inf. TCM 2009, 16 (Suppl.), 103–105. [Google Scholar]
  9. Xia, H.M.; Sun, L.L.; Sun, J.Y.; Zhong, Y. Progress on chemical ingredient and pharmacological activity of Sanguisorba officinalis L. Food Drug 2009, 11, 67–69. [Google Scholar]
  10. Sun, W.; Zhang, Z.L.; Liu, X.; Zhang, S.; He, L.; Wang, Z.; Wang, G.S. Terpene glycosides from the roots of Sanguisorba officinalis L. and their hemostatic activities. Molecules 2012, 17, 7629–7636. [Google Scholar]
  11. Ding, Y.; Liang, C.; Nguyen, H.T.; Choi, E.M.; Kim, J.A.; Kim, Y.H. Chemical constituents from Acer mandshuricum and their effects on the function of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2010, 31, 929–933. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Shi, X.H.; Du, X.L.; Kong, L.Y. Studies on chemical constituents in roots of Euphorbia soongarica (In Chinese). Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2006, 31, 1503–1506. [Google Scholar]
  13. Duan, W.G.; Ohara, S.; Hashida, K.; Makino, R. Condensed tannins from steamed Acacia mearnsii bark. Holzforschung 2005, 59, 289–294. [Google Scholar]
  14. Sun, Y.; Xu, B.C.; Xu, D.P.; Gu, W.Y. Study on several phenolic compounds in grape seeds. J. Henan Univ. Technol. (Nat. Sci. Ed.) 2006, 27, 73–77. [Google Scholar]
  • Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds 2 and 3 are available from the authors.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Zhang, S.; Liu, X.; Zhang, Z.-L.; He, L.; Wang, Z.; Wang, G.-S. Isolation and Identification of the Phenolic Compounds from the Roots of Sanguisorba officinalis L. and Their Antioxidant Activities. Molecules 2012, 17, 13917-13922. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules171213917

AMA Style

Zhang S, Liu X, Zhang Z-L, He L, Wang Z, Wang G-S. Isolation and Identification of the Phenolic Compounds from the Roots of Sanguisorba officinalis L. and Their Antioxidant Activities. Molecules. 2012; 17(12):13917-13922. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules171213917

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhang, Shuang, Xin Liu, Zi-Long Zhang, Lu He, Zhe Wang, and Guang-Shu Wang. 2012. "Isolation and Identification of the Phenolic Compounds from the Roots of Sanguisorba officinalis L. and Their Antioxidant Activities" Molecules 17, no. 12: 13917-13922. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules171213917

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop