MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

14 pages, 2300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Glioblastoma Multiforme: Sensitivity to Antimicrobial Peptides LL-37 and PG-1, and Their Combination with Chemotherapy for Predicting the Overall Survival of Patients

by Alexander N. Chernov, Sofia S. Skliar, Alexander V. Kim, Anna Tsapieva, Sarng S. Pyurveev, Tatiana A. Filatenkova, Marina V. Matsko, Sergey D. Ivanov, Olga V. Shamova and Alexander N. Suvorov

Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(9), 1234; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16091234 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Glioblastomas (GBMs) are the most malignant and intractable of all cancers, with an unfavorable clinical prognosis for affected patients. The objective was to analyze the sensitivity of GBM cells to the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) cathelicidin (LL-37) and protegrin-1 (PG-1), both alone and [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Glioblastomas (GBMs) are the most malignant and intractable of all cancers, with an unfavorable clinical prognosis for affected patients. The objective was to analyze the sensitivity of GBM cells to the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) cathelicidin (LL-37) and protegrin-1 (PG-1), both alone and in combination with chemotherapy, to predict overall survival (OS) in the patients. Methods: The study was conducted on 27 GBM patients treated in the neurosurgical department of the Almazov Medical Research Centre (Saint Petersburg, Russia) from 2021 to 2024. The cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy, AMPs, and their combinations on brain tumor cells were assessed by an MTT assay using a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀). Results: In GBM cells from the patients, LL-37 and PG-1 exhibited strong anticancer effects, surpassing those of chemotherapy drugs. These LL-37 and PG-1 anticancer effects were associated with a statistically significant increase in life expectancy and OS in GBM patients. These findings were confirmed by experiments on rats with C6 glioma, where the intranasal administration of LL-37 (300 μM) and PG-1 (600 μM) increased the life expectancy of the animals to 69 and 55 days, respectively, compared to 24 days in the control group (HR = 4.139, p = 0.0005; HR = 2.542, p = 0.0759). Conclusions: Additionally, the combination of LL-37 and PG-1 with chemotherapy drugs showed that a high IC₅₀ of LL-37 with cisplatin (cutoff > 800 μM) in GBM cells was associated with increased life expectancy (19 vs. 5 months, HR = 4.708, p = 0.0101) and OS in GBM patients. These combinations could be used in future GBM treatments. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

54 pages, 1414 KiB

Open AccessReview

Bladder Cancer Basic Study and Current Clinical Trials

by Dominik Godlewski, Sara Czech, Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher and David Aebisher

Uro 2024, 4(3), 145-198; https://doi.org/10.3390/uro4030012 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Bladder cancer (BCa) is the fourth most common cancer in men and one of the most common urinary tract cancers, especially in developed countries. The aim of this paper is to comprehensively analyze the biology of bladder cancer, including its epidemiology, etiology, histological [...] Read more.

Bladder cancer (BCa) is the fourth most common cancer in men and one of the most common urinary tract cancers, especially in developed countries. The aim of this paper is to comprehensively analyze the biology of bladder cancer, including its epidemiology, etiology, histological types, risk factors, clinical symptoms, and diagnostic methods. The paper presents the dominant histological types of bladder cancer, such as transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), which accounts for 90–95% of cases, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and adenocarcinoma, which is much rarer. Risk factors, such as smoking, occupational exposure to chemicals, schistosomiasis, and genetic factors, which significantly affect the pathogenesis of bladder cancer, are also discussed. The paper focuses on modern diagnostic methods, including blue light cystoscopy (BLC) and computed tomography urography (CTU), which show increased sensitivity and specificity in detecting early neoplastic changes. The importance of TNM classification and the role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in improving patient prognosis are also discussed. Based on a review of the scientific literature, the paper emphasizes the need for early diagnosis and an individualized therapeutic approach, which may contribute to improving the survival and quality of life of patients with bladder cancer. The potential for prevention, including quitting smoking and limiting exposure to harmful chemicals, has also been demonstrated to significantly reduce the risk of disease. Patient education and monitoring high-risk groups are key to reducing the incidence of bladder cancer. Full article

28 pages, 1094 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficient Convolutional Neural Networks Utilizing Fine-Grained Fast Fourier Transforms

by Yulin Zhang, Feipeng Li, Haoke Xu, Xiaoming Li and Shan Jiang

Electronics 2024, 13(18), 3765; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13183765 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are among the most prevalent deep learning techniques employed across various domains. The computational complexity of CNNs is largely attributed to the convolution operations. These operations are computationally demanding and significantly impact overall model performance. Traditional CNN implementations convert [...] Read more.

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are among the most prevalent deep learning techniques employed across various domains. The computational complexity of CNNs is largely attributed to the convolution operations. These operations are computationally demanding and significantly impact overall model performance. Traditional CNN implementations convert convolutions into matrix operations via the im2col (image to column) technique, facilitating parallelization through advanced BLAS libraries. This study identifies and investigates a significant yet intricate pattern of data redundancy within the matrix-based representation of convolutions, a pattern that, while complex, presents opportunities for optimization. Through meticulous analysis of the redundancy inherent in the im2col approach, this paper introduces a mathematically succinct matrix representation for convolution, leading to the development of an optimized FFT-based convolution with finer FFT granularity. Benchmarking demonstrates that our approach achieves an average speedup of 14 times and a maximum speedup of 17 times compared to the regular FFT convolution. Similarly, it outperforms the Im2col+GEMM approach from NVIDIA’s cuDNN library, achieving an average speedup of three times and a maximum speedup of five times. Our FineGrained FFT convolution approach, when integrated into Caffe, a widely used deep learning framework, leads to significant performance gains. Evaluations using synthetic CNNs designed for real-world applications show an average speedup of 1.67 times. Furthermore, a modified VGG network variant achieves a speedup of 1.25 times. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Integrative AI, Machine Learning, and Big Data for Transformative Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 12546 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Initial Intergranular Ferrite Size on Induction Hardening Microstructure of Microalloyed Steel 38MnVS6

by Dequn Kong, Jian Zhou, Weiwei Dong, Li Cai and Chunyu Qu

Crystals 2024, 14(9), 827; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14090827 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the effect of grain size of an initial microstructure (pearlite+ferrite) on a resulting microstructure of induction-hardened microalloyed steel 38MnVS6, which is one topical medium carbon vanadium microalloyed non-quenched and tempered steel used in manufacturing crankshafts for high-power engines. [...] Read more.

In this study, we investigated the effect of grain size of an initial microstructure (pearlite+ferrite) on a resulting microstructure of induction-hardened microalloyed steel 38MnVS6, which is one topical medium carbon vanadium microalloyed non-quenched and tempered steel used in manufacturing crankshafts for high-power engines. The results show that a coarse initial microstructure could contribute to the incomplete transformation of pearlite+ferrite into austenite in reaustenitization transformation by rapid heating, and the undissolved ferrite remains and locates between the neighboring prior austenite grains after the induction-hardening process. As the coarseness level of the initial microstructure increases from 102 μm to 156 μm, the morphology of undissolved ferrite varies as granule, film, semi-network, and network, in sequence. The undissolved ferrite structures have a thickness of 250–500 nm and appear dark under an optical metallographic view field. To achieve better engineering applications, it is not recommended to eliminate the undissolved ferrite by increasing much heating time for samples with coarser initial microstructures. It is better to achieve a fine original microstructure before the induction-hardening process. For example, microalloying addition of vanadium and titanium plays a role of metallurgical grain refinement via intragranular ferrite nucleation on more sites, and the heating temperature and time of the forging process should be strictly controlled to ensure the existence of fine prior austenite grains before subsequent isothermal phase transformation to pearlite+ferrite. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crystalline Metals and Alloys)

14 pages, 962 KiB

Open AccessArticle

FTSNet: Fundus Tumor Segmentation Network on Multiple Scales Guided by Classification Results and Prompts

by Shurui Bai, Zhuo Deng, Jingyan Yang, Zheng Gong, Weihao Gao, Lei Shao, Fang Li, Wenbin Wei and Lan Ma

Bioengineering 2024, 11(9), 950; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11090950 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

The segmentation of fundus tumors is critical for ophthalmic diagnosis and treatment, yet it presents unique challenges due to the variability in lesion size and shape. Our study introduces Fundus Tumor Segmentation Network (FTSNet), a novel segmentation network designed to address these challenges [...] Read more.

The segmentation of fundus tumors is critical for ophthalmic diagnosis and treatment, yet it presents unique challenges due to the variability in lesion size and shape. Our study introduces Fundus Tumor Segmentation Network (FTSNet), a novel segmentation network designed to address these challenges by leveraging classification results and prompt learning. Our key innovation is the multiscale feature extractor and the dynamic prompt head. Multiscale feature extractors are proficient in eliciting a spectrum of feature information from the original image across disparate scales. This proficiency is fundamental for deciphering the subtle details and patterns embedded in the image at multiple levels of granularity. Meanwhile, a dynamic prompt head is engineered to engender bespoke segmentation heads for each image, customizing the segmentation process to align with the distinctive attributes of the image under consideration. We also present the Fundus Tumor Segmentation (FTS) dataset, comprising 254 pairs of fundus images with tumor lesions and reference segmentations. Experiments demonstrate FTSNet’s superior performance over existing methods, achieving a mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) of 0.8254 and mean Dice (mDice) of 0.9042. The results highlight the potential of our approach in advancing the accuracy and efficiency of fundus tumor segmentation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostic Biomedical Image and Processing with Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning)

21 pages, 334 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advancements in Artificial Intelligence for Fetal Neurosonography: A Comprehensive Review

by Jan Weichert and Jann Lennard Scharf

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(18), 5626; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13185626 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

The detailed sonographic assessment of the fetal neuroanatomy plays a crucial role in prenatal diagnosis, providing valuable insights into timely, well-coordinated fetal brain development and detecting even subtle anomalies that may impact neurodevelopmental outcomes. With recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) in general [...] Read more.

The detailed sonographic assessment of the fetal neuroanatomy plays a crucial role in prenatal diagnosis, providing valuable insights into timely, well-coordinated fetal brain development and detecting even subtle anomalies that may impact neurodevelopmental outcomes. With recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) in general and medical imaging in particular, there has been growing interest in leveraging AI techniques to enhance the accuracy, efficiency, and clinical utility of fetal neurosonography. The paramount objective of this focusing review is to discuss the latest developments in AI applications in this field, focusing on image analysis, the automation of measurements, prediction models of neurodevelopmental outcomes, visualization techniques, and their integration into clinical routine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Update on Prenatal Diagnosis and Maternal Fetal Medicine: 2nd Edition)

16 pages, 3867 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modification of Sulfur Cake—Waste from Sulfuric Acid Production

by Yerdos Ongarbayev, Yerbol Tileuberdi, Aigul Baimagambetova, Yerzhan Imanbayev, Yernar Kanzharkan, Ainur Zhambolova, Aliya Kenzhegaliyeva and Aksaule Kydyrali

Processes 2024, 12(9), 2048; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12092048 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

In the production of sulfuric acid, sulfur cake—a waste product of the sulfur purification process—is formed in large quantities, which requires its disposal and use. For its use in composite materials, modification is necessary to convert sulfur into a polymer form. The aim [...] Read more.

In the production of sulfuric acid, sulfur cake—a waste product of the sulfur purification process—is formed in large quantities, which requires its disposal and use. For its use in composite materials, modification is necessary to convert sulfur into a polymer form. The aim of the study was to develop a method for modifying sulfur cake—a waste product of sulfuric acid production—for its disposal. Available reagents—styrene, glycerol, and oleic acid—were tested as modifiers in the work. The sample compositions consisted of 100% sulfur cake (no. 1) and its mixtures: 97% sulfur cake + 3% styrene (no. 2), 97% sulfur cake + 3% glycerol (no. 3), 97% sulfur cake + 3% oleic acid (no. 4), 95% sulfur cake + 3% styrene, 1% glycerol, and 1% oleic acid (no. 5). Modification of sulfur cake was carried out at a temperature of 140 °C for 30 min. The composition, crystal structure, and thermal properties of the samples of the original and modified sulfur cake were studied using X-ray phase and X-ray structural analyses, IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis. The optimal modifier for sulfur cake was a mixture of styrene, glycerol, and oleic acid, which led to the formation of acetal (polyoxymethylene) and an improvement in the structure due to a decrease in the content of impurities. Modification of sulfur cake with styrene resulted in the appearance of a C_Ar–S bond band at 571 cm⁻¹, and modification with oleic acid a C–S band in the region of 694 cm⁻¹ in the IR spectra. The results of differential scanning calorimetric analysis showed an increase in the heat of fusion of sulfur by 12.45 J/g in the samples of sulfur cake modified with glycerol and styrene. Modification of sulfur cake with oleic acid and a mixture of reagents resulted in the appearance of a third peak with maxima at 244.2 and 264.0 °C, which demonstrated a significant effect of the indicated additives on the thermal behavior of the sulfur cake. Proposed schemes for modifying sulfur cake with styrene and oleic acid are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Utilization of Biomass, Coal and Organic Solid Wastes)

11 pages, 385 KiB

Open AccessReview

Impact of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: An Updated Review

by Sahib Singh, Saurabh Chandan, Dushyant Singh Dahiya, Ganesh Aswath, Daryl Ramai, Marcello Maida, Andrea Anderloni, Nicola Muscatiello and Antonio Facciorusso

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(18), 5627; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13185627 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have become one of the most popular medications for patients with diabetes and obesity. Due to their effects on gut motility via central or parasympathetic pathways, there have been concerns about an increased incidence of retained gastric [...] Read more.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have become one of the most popular medications for patients with diabetes and obesity. Due to their effects on gut motility via central or parasympathetic pathways, there have been concerns about an increased incidence of retained gastric contents and risk of aspiration in the perioperative period. Hence, the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) recommends holding GLP-1 RAs on the procedure day or a week before the elective procedure based on the respective daily or weekly formulations, regardless of the dose, indication (obesity or diabetes), or procedure type. On the contrary, the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) advises an individualized approach, stating that more data are needed to decide if and when the GLP-1 RAs should be held prior to elective endoscopy. Several retrospective and prospective studies, along with meta-analyses, have been published since then evaluating the role of GLP-1 RAs in patients scheduled for endoscopic procedures. In this review, we discuss the current clinical guidelines and available studies regarding the effect of GLP-1 RAs on GI endoscopies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Advances in Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Diagnosis and Treatment)

14 pages, 1290 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Nano-Spherical Tip for Improving Precision in Elastic Modulus Measurements of Polymer Materials via Atomic Force Microscopy

by Tianyu Fu, Paul C. Uzoma, Xiaolei Ding, Pengyuan Wu, Oleksiy Penkov and Huan Hu

Micromachines 2024, 15(9), 1175; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15091175 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Micro-nano-scale mechanical properties are vital for engineering and biological materials. The elastic modulus is generally measured by processing the force–indentation curves obtained by atomic force microscopy (AFM). However, the measurement precision is largely affected by tip shape, tip wear, sample morphology, and the [...] Read more.

Micro-nano-scale mechanical properties are vital for engineering and biological materials. The elastic modulus is generally measured by processing the force–indentation curves obtained by atomic force microscopy (AFM). However, the measurement precision is largely affected by tip shape, tip wear, sample morphology, and the contact model. In such research, it has been found that the radius of the sharp tip increases due to wear during contact scanning, affecting elastic modulus calculations. For flat-ended tips, it is difficult to identify the contact condition, leading to inaccurate results. Our research team has invented a nano-spherical tip, obtained by implanting focused helium ions into a silicon microcantilever, causing it to expand into a silicon nanosphere. This nano-spherical tip has the advantages of sub-micro size and a smooth spherical surface. Comparative tests of the elastic modulus measurement were conducted on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polypropylene (PP) using these three tips. Overall, the experimental results show that our nano-spherical tip with a consistent tip radius, symmetrical geometric shape, and resistance to wear and contamination can improve precision in elastic modulus measurements of polymer materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro/Nanostructures in Sensors and Actuators, 2nd Edition)

37 pages, 988 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Innovative Construction of Provinces, Regional Artificial Intelligence Development, and the Resilience of Regional Innovation Ecosystems: Quasi-Natural Experiments Based on Spatial Difference-in-Differences Models and Double Machine Learning

by Ruiyu Hu, Zemenghong Bao, Zhisen Lin and Kun Lv

Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8251; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188251 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Based on the theory of regional innovation niches, this study calculates the resilience of regional innovation ecosystems and constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system for regional artificial intelligence development, resulting in a panel dataset for 30 provinces in China from 2009 to 2021 [...] Read more.

Based on the theory of regional innovation niches, this study calculates the resilience of regional innovation ecosystems and constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system for regional artificial intelligence development, resulting in a panel dataset for 30 provinces in China from 2009 to 2021 (excluding Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan). Within the framework of the construction of innovative provinces, regional artificial intelligence, and the resilience of regional innovation ecosystems, spatial double-difference and double machine learning models are employed for a quasi-natural experiment. The main research conclusions are as follows: (1) Both the construction of innovative provinces and artificial intelligence have a significant positive impact on the resilience of regional innovation ecosystems. (2) However, regional artificial intelligence exhibits a negative spatial spillover effect on the resilience of regional innovation ecosystems. (3) The construction of innovative provinces can positively moderate the effect of artificial intelligence on the resilience of regional innovation ecosystems. (4) Through the promotion of regional artificial intelligence, the construction of innovative provinces can indirectly enhance the diversity, evolutionary potential, buffering capacity, fluidity, and coordination of regional innovation ecosystems, thereby driving a leap in resilience. (5) The mechanisms by which the construction of innovative provinces stimulates regional intelligent input, application, innovation, and market dynamics to further enhance the resilience of regional innovation ecosystems are effective not only in the treatment group but also in the control group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Transformation of Urban and Region: Design, Planning and Governance)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 5807 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unveiling the Nutritional Profile and Safety of Coffee Pulp as a First Step in Its Valorization Strategy

by Alicia Gil-Ramírez, Miguel Rebollo-Hernanz, Silvia Cañas, Ignacio Monedero Cobeta, Pilar Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Andrea Gila-Díaz, Vanesa Benítez, Silvia M. Arribas, Yolanda Aguilera and María A. Martín-Cabrejas

Foods 2024, 13(18), 3006; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13183006 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

The coffee pulp, a significant by-product of coffee processing, is often discarded but has potential for recycling and high-value uses. This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition of two coffee pulp ingredients, a flour (CPF) and an aqueous extract (CPE), and conducted [...] Read more.

The coffee pulp, a significant by-product of coffee processing, is often discarded but has potential for recycling and high-value uses. This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition of two coffee pulp ingredients, a flour (CPF) and an aqueous extract (CPE), and conducted acute and sub-chronic toxicity assays to determine their safety. The proximate composition revealed the high fiber content of both ingredients; the CPF mainly contained insoluble fiber, while CPE consisted exclusively of soluble pectic polysaccharides. The CPF had higher concentrations of amino acids and a better balance of essential/non-essential amino acids, whereas the CPE exhibited higher concentrations of free amino acids, ensuring higher bioavailability. Both ingredients showed elevated mineral content, while heavy-metal concentrations remained within acceptable limits. This study established the bioactive potential of the CPF and the CPE, demonstrating the high content of caffeine and gallic, protocatechuic, and 4-caffeoylquinic acids. The toxicity studies revealed that the CPF and the CPE exhibited safety when orally administered to mice. Administered doses were non-toxic, as they did not induce lethality or adverse effects in the mice or produce significant histopathological or biochemical adverse changes. This study represents a first step in valorizing the CPF and the CPE as safe novel food ingredients with health benefits for functional and nutritional foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coffee and Coffee-Related Product Characterization through Rapid Analytical Methodologies and Downscaled Systems)

11 pages, 427 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thoracic Fluid Content as an Indicator of High Intravenous Diuretic Requirements in Hospitalized Patients with Decompensated Heart Failure

by Agata Galas, Paweł Krzesiński, Małgorzata Banak and Grzegorz Gielerak

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(18), 5625; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13185625 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: The main cause of hospitalization in patients with heart failure is hypervolemia. Therefore, the primary treatment strategy involves diuretic therapy using intravenous loop diuretics to achieve decongestion and euvolemia. Some patients with acutely decompensated heart failure (ADHF) do not respond well to [...] Read more.

Background: The main cause of hospitalization in patients with heart failure is hypervolemia. Therefore, the primary treatment strategy involves diuretic therapy using intravenous loop diuretics to achieve decongestion and euvolemia. Some patients with acutely decompensated heart failure (ADHF) do not respond well to diuretic treatment, which may be due to diuretic resistance (DR). Such cases require high doses of diuretic medications and combination therapy with diuretics of different mechanisms of action. Although certain predisposing factors for diuretic resistance have been identified (such as hypotension, type 2 diabetes, impaired renal function, and hyponatremia), further research is needed to identify other pathophysiological markers of DR. Objective: This study aims to identify admission markers that can predict a high requirement for intravenous diuretics in hospitalized patients with decompensated heart failure. Methods: This study included 102 adult patients hospitalized for ADHF. At admission, patients underwent clinical assessment, laboratory parameter evaluation (including the N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide [NT-proBNP] levels), and hemodynamic assessment using impedance cardiography (ICG). Hemodynamic profiles were based on the use of parameters such as heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and thoracic fluid content (TFC) as markers of volume status. The analysis included 97 patients with documented doses of intravenous diuretic use. Patients were stratified into two groups based on median diuretic consumption (equivalent to 540 mg of intravenous furosemide): the high-loop diuretic utilization (LDU) group (n = 49) and the low-LDU group (n = 48). Results: Compared to low-LDU patients, high-LDU patients had greater thoracic fluid content at admission, both quantitatively (37.4 ± 8.1 vs. 34.1 ± 6.9 kOhm-1; p = 0.024) and qualitatively (TFC ≥ 35 kOhm-1: 59.2% vs. 33.3%; p = 0.011). Anemia was more common in the high-LDU group (67.4% vs. 43.8%; p = 0.019), as was elevated NT-proBNP (≥median of 3952 pg/mL: 60.4% vs. 37.5%; p = 0.024). High LDU was associated with a significantly longer hospitalization duration (12.9 ± 6.4 vs. 7.0 ± 2.6 days; p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis identified anemia, elevated NT-proBNP, and high TFC as predictors of high LDU (HR: 2.65, 2.54, and 2.90, respectively). In a multifactorial model, only high TFC remained an independent predictor (HR: 2.60, 95% CI 1.04–6.49; p = 0.038). Conclusions: TFC was the sole independent admission marker of a high requirement for intravenous diuretics in patients hospitalized for decompensated heart failure. An objective assessment of volume status by impedance cardiography may support intensive personalized decongestion therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Heart Failure Management: From Precision Medicine to Therapeutic Innovations)

16 pages, 2184 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Minimum Tillage and Straw Retention Promote Macroaggregate Formation, Carbon and Nitrogen Sequestration under Wheat-Maize Rotation in Northern China

by Zhijie Ren, Xiaojie Han, Zhidong Han, Wenzhong Tian, Junhong Li, Junjie Lv, Yuanxin Shen, Yingxin Xie, Geng Ma, Gezi Li, Yanan Zhao and Chenyang Wang

Agriculture 2024, 14(9), 1659; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091659 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Conservation tillage is believed to promote soil aggregate stability, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) sequestration, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, soil samples from an 18-year experiment including conventional tillage with straw removal (CT), deep scarification with straw mulching (DS), [...] Read more.

Conservation tillage is believed to promote soil aggregate stability, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) sequestration, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, soil samples from an 18-year experiment including conventional tillage with straw removal (CT), deep scarification with straw mulching (DS), and no-tillage with straw mulching (NT) were used to obtain different fractions based on a comprehensive wet-sieving method of aggregate and particle size. The results showed that NT and DS increased soil organic carbon (SOC) and N by 9.3–16.4% and 10.8–25.8%, respectively, in addition to increasing the weight proportion of macroaggregates and the contribution of macroaggregate-associated C and N to total SOC and N. The C change in the total POM accounted for 77.4% and 79.9% of the total SOC increase by NT and DS, while the MAOM only accounted for 29.2% and 25.2%, respectively. Meanwhile, microaggregates-within-macroaggregates accounted for 96.9% and 90.5% of the SOC increase by NT and DS, respectively. The total SOC and N were positively correlated with the C and N of the macroaggregates and subfractions. In conclusion, the formation of macroaggregates drives soil C and N sequestration under conservation tillage, and POM and mM were important functional pools in this process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Soils)

7 pages, 675 KiB

Open AccessArticle

1 × 2 Graphene Surface Plasmon Waveguide Beam Splitter Based on Self-Imaging

by Liu Lu, Peng Xu, Liang Zhang, Jia Le and Daifen Chen

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(18), 1538; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14181538 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Abstract: Based on the principle of self-imaging, a 1 × 2 graphene waveguide beam splitter is proposed in this work, which can split the graphene surface plasmons excited by far-infrared light. The multimode interference process in the graphene waveguide is analyzed by guided-mode [...] Read more.

Abstract: Based on the principle of self-imaging, a 1 × 2 graphene waveguide beam splitter is proposed in this work, which can split the graphene surface plasmons excited by far-infrared light. The multimode interference process in the graphene waveguide is analyzed by guided-mode propagation analysis (MPA), and then the imaging position is calculated. The simulation results show that the incident beam can be obviously divided into two parts by the self-imaging of the graphene surface plasmon. In addition, the influences of the excited light wavelength, Fermi level, dielectric environment on the transmission efficiency are studied, which provide a reference for the research of graphene waveguide related devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanophotonic: Structure, Devices and System)

8 pages, 1867 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Burden in Multiple Sclerosis Caregivers: A Single-Center Experience

by Miranda Melgar-de-la-Paz, Moisés Manuel Gallardo-Pérez, Luis Enrique Hamilton-Avilés, Paola Negrete-Rodríguez, Gloria Erendy Cruz-Pérez, Danae García-Vélez, Guillermo Ocaña-Ramm, Olivia Lira-Lara, Juan Carlos Olivares-Gazca, Guillermo J. Ruiz-Delgado and Guillermo J. Ruiz-Argüelles

Sclerosis 2024, 2(3), 280-287; https://doi.org/10.3390/sclerosis2030017 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

To analyze the relation between Zarit and the MSQol-54 scales in caregivers and patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Our study included 167 caregivers of 153 patients with MS in a single center, from July 2021 to December 2023. Evaluation of the Zarit score [...] Read more.

To analyze the relation between Zarit and the MSQol-54 scales in caregivers and patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Our study included 167 caregivers of 153 patients with MS in a single center, from July 2021 to December 2023. Evaluation of the Zarit score revealed a median score of 11 (IQR = 4–21.75). Up to 126 caregivers had a low burden level, while 8 had moderate–severe burden, and 1 caregiver showed a severe burden score. Correlation analysis revealed that the Zarit score significantly correlated positively with the following variables: patient age (r = 0.25) and EDSS (r = 0.40); and a significant negative correlation was observed with the following variables: Physical Health Composite Score (r = −0.48) and Mental Health Composite Score (r = −0.34). Most caregivers either carry a low burden or none, as well as an inverse correlation between the Zarit and the Physical and Mental Health composite scores of the MSQol-54 instrument. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuropsychiatric and Quality of Life (QoL) Aspects of Multiple Sclerosis)

13 pages, 815 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Opioids and Benzodiazepines on Exacerbation Rate and Overall Survival in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease on Long-Term Non-Invasive Ventilation

by Andrew Chai, Balazs Csoma, Zsofia Lazar, Andrew Bentley and Andras Bikov

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(18), 5624; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13185624 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: There is a growing concern that opioids and benzodiazepines can depress the respiratory drive and could contribute to worsening respiratory failure and higher exacerbation frequency in COPD. However, the relationship between the exacerbation rate and medication taken is poorly understood in [...] Read more.

Background: There is a growing concern that opioids and benzodiazepines can depress the respiratory drive and could contribute to worsening respiratory failure and higher exacerbation frequency in COPD. However, the relationship between the exacerbation rate and medication taken is poorly understood in patients with chronic respiratory failure due to COPD. Methods: As part of a service evaluation project, we analysed 339 patients with COPD who were established on long-term non-invasive ventilation (LT-NIV) at our tertiary centre. We investigated the relationship between benzodiazepine and opioid prescription and clinical outcomes as well as their impact on the exacerbation rate and overall survival following setup. Results: Before LT-NIV setup, 40 patients took benzodiazepines and 99 patients took opioids. Neither benzodiazepine nor opioid use was associated with changes in daytime blood gases, overnight hypoxia or annual exacerbations before NIV setup, but patients taking opioids were more breathless as assessed by modified Medical Research Council scores (3.91 ± 0.38 vs. 3.65 ± 0.73, p < 0.01). Long-term NIV significantly reduced the number of yearly exacerbations (from 3.0/2.0–5.0/ to 2.8/0.71–4.57/, p < 0.01) in the whole cohort, but the effect was limited in those who took benzodiazepines (from 3.0/2.0–7.0/ to 3.5/1.2–5.5/) or opioids (3.0/2.0–6.0/ to 3.0/0.8–5.5/). Benzodiazepine use was associated with reduced exacerbation-free survival and overall survival (both p < 0.05). However, after adjustment with relevant covariates, the relationship with exacerbation-free survival became insignificant (p = 0.12). Opioids were not associated with adverse outcomes. Conclusions: Benzodiazepines and opiates are commonly taken in this cohort. Whilst they do not seem to contribute to impaired gas exchange pre-setup, they, especially benzodiazepines, may limit the benefits of LT-NIV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Respiratory Diseases Caused by Substance Abuse)

19 pages, 7743 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Short-Term Heavy Rainfall-Based Urban Flood Disaster Risk Assessment Using Integrated Learning Approach

by Xinyue Wu, Hong Zhu, Liuru Hu, Jian Meng and Fulu Sun

Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8249; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188249 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Accurate and timely risk assessment of short-term rainstorm-type flood disasters is very important for ecological environment protection and sustainable socio-economic development. Given the complexity and variability of different geographical environments and climate conditions, a single machine learning model may lead to overfitting issues [...] Read more.

Accurate and timely risk assessment of short-term rainstorm-type flood disasters is very important for ecological environment protection and sustainable socio-economic development. Given the complexity and variability of different geographical environments and climate conditions, a single machine learning model may lead to overfitting issues in flood disaster assessment, limiting the generalization ability of such models. In order to overcome this challenge, this study proposed a short-term rainstorm flood disaster risk assessment framework under the integrated learning model, which is divided into two stages: The first stage uses microwave remote sensing images to extract flood coverage and establish disaster samples, and integrates multi-source heterogeneous data to build a flood disaster risk assessment index system. The second stage, under the constraints of Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), optimizes the integration of random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and logistic regression (LR) base models, and then the WRSL-Short-Term Flood Risk Assessment Model is established. The experimental results show that the Area Under Curve (AUC) accuracy of the WRSL-Short-Term Flood Risk Assessment Model is 89.27%, which is 0.95%, 1.77%, 2.07%, 1.86%, and 0.47% higher than RF, SVM, LR, XGBoost, and average weight RF-SVM-LR, respectively. The accuracy evaluation metrics for accuracy, Recall, and F1 Score have improved by 5.84%, 21.50%, and 11.06%, respectively. In this paper, WRSL-Short-Term Flood Risk Assessment Model is used to carry out the risk assessment of flood and waterlogging disasters in Henan Province, and ArcGIS is used to complete the short-term rainstorm city flood and waterlogging risk map. The research results will provide a scientific assessment basis for short-term rainstorm city flood disaster risk assessment and provide technical support for regional flood control and risk management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water Management in Rapid Urbanization)

16 pages, 2341 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a QAMS Analysis Method for Industrial Lanolin Alcohol Based on the Concept of Analytical Quality by Design

by Kaidierya Abudureheman, Qinglin Wang, Hao Zhang and Xingchu Gong

Separations 2024, 11(9), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11090276 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

The Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) concept was adopted to establish a quantitative analysis of multi-components with a single marker (QAMS) method for industrial lanolin alcohol, targeting cholesterol, lanosterol, and 24,25-dihydrolanosterol. The potential critical method parameters (CMPs) were identified as column temperature, flow [...] Read more.

The Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) concept was adopted to establish a quantitative analysis of multi-components with a single marker (QAMS) method for industrial lanolin alcohol, targeting cholesterol, lanosterol, and 24,25-dihydrolanosterol. The potential critical method parameters (CMPs) were identified as column temperature, flow rate, and gradient. Definitive screening design and statistical modeling were employed to optimize the gradient conditions of the mobile phase, column temperature, and flow rate. The Method Operable Design Region (MODR) was determined using a risk-based quantification approach. The robustness was assessed using a Plackett‒Burman experimental design, followed by methodological validation. Optimal analytical conditions were as follows: acetonitrile (B)—water (A) mobile phase system; flow rate of 1.58 mL/min; detection wavelength of 205 nm; injection volume of 10 µL; and column temperature of 37 °C. A gradient elution program was implemented as follows: 0–19.0 min, 90.5% B; 19.0–25.0 min, 90.5–100% B; and 25.0–55.0 min, 100% B. Cholesterol served as an internal standard for quantifying lanosterol and 24,25-dihydrolanosterol, with relative correction factors of 0.4227 and 0.8228, respectively. This analytical method utilized only the cholesterol reference substance as an internal standard to quantify the content of cholesterol, lanosterol, and 24,25-dihydrolanosterol in industrial lanolin alcohol. It reduced the testing costs and enhanced efficiency, making it potentially suitable for widespread adoption in lanolin alcohol processing industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 10th Anniversary of Separations: Advances in Separation and Analysis of Natural Products/Medicines)

21 pages, 3714 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of MOSFET Copper Clip to Enhance Thermal Management Using Kriging Surrogate Model and Genetic Algorithm

by Yubin Cheon, Jaehyun Jung, Daeyeon Ki, Salman Khalid and Heung Soo Kim

Mathematics 2024, 12(18), 2949; https://doi.org/10.3390/math12182949 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) are critical in power electronic modules due to their high-power density and rapid switching capabilities. Therefore, effective thermal management is crucial for ensuring reliability and superior performance. This study used finite element analysis (FEA) to evaluate the electro-thermal behavior [...] Read more.

Metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) are critical in power electronic modules due to their high-power density and rapid switching capabilities. Therefore, effective thermal management is crucial for ensuring reliability and superior performance. This study used finite element analysis (FEA) to evaluate the electro-thermal behavior of MOSFETs with copper clip bonding, showing a significant improvement over aluminum wire bonding. The aluminum wire model reached a maximum temperature of 102.8 °C, while the copper clip reduced this to 74.6 °C. To further optimize the thermal performance, Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) generated diverse design points. The FEA results were used to select the Kriging regression model, chosen for its superior accuracy (MSE = 0.036, R² = 0.997, adjusted R² = 0.997). The Kriging model was integrated with a Genetic Algorithm (GA), further reducing the maximum temperature to 71.5 °C, a 4.20% improvement over the original copper clip design and a 43.8% reduction compared to aluminum wire bonding. This integration of Kriging and the GA to the MOSFET copper clip package led to a significant improvement in the heat dissipation and overall thermal performance of the MOSFET package, while also reducing the computational power requirements, providing a reliable and efficient solution for the optimization of MOSFET copper clip packages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Engineering Mathematics)

16 pages, 7808 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Scale Meteorological Impact on PM_2.5 Pollution in Tangshan, Northern China

by Qian Liang, Xinxuan Zhang, Yucong Miao and Shuhua Liu

Toxics 2024, 12(9), 685; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12090685 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Tangshan, a major industrial and agricultural center in northern China, frequently experiences significant PM_2.5 pollution events during winter, impacting its large population. These pollution episodes are influenced by multi–scale meteorological processes, though the complex mechanisms remain not fully understood. This study integrates [...] Read more.

Tangshan, a major industrial and agricultural center in northern China, frequently experiences significant PM_2.5 pollution events during winter, impacting its large population. These pollution episodes are influenced by multi–scale meteorological processes, though the complex mechanisms remain not fully understood. This study integrates surface PM_2.5 concentration data, ground-based and upper–air meteorological observations, and ERA5 reanalysis data from 2015 to 2019 to explore the interactions between local planetary boundary layer (PBL) structures and large-scale atmospheric processes driving PM_2.5 pollution in Tangshan. The results indicate that seasonal variations in PM_2.5 pollution levels are closely linked to changes in PBL thermal stability. During winter, day–to–day increases in PM_2.5 concentrations are often tied to atmospheric warming above 1500 m, as enhanced thermal inversions and reduced PBL heights lead to pollutant accumulation. Regionally, this aloft warming is driven by a high-pressure system at 850 hPa over the southern North China Plain, accompanied by prevailing southwesterly winds. Additionally, southwesterly winds within the PBL can transport pollutants from the adjacent Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region to Tangshan, worsening pollution. Simulations from the chemical transport model indicate that regional pollutant transport can contribute to approximately half of the near-surface PM_2.5 concentration under the unfavorable synoptic conditions. These findings underscore the importance of multi-scale meteorology in predicting and mitigating severe wintertime PM_2.5 pollution in Tangshan and surrounding regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Aerosols: Source Apportionment, Characterizations, and Detection, 2nd Edition)

37 pages, 1957 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Multi-UAV Formation Control and Obstacle Avoidance Using IAAPF-SMC

by Pengfei Zhang, Zhongliu Wang, Ziwen Zhu, Qinyang Liang and Jiangyu Luo

Drones 2024, 8(9), 514; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones8090514 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

In response to safety concerns pertaining to multi-UAV formation flights, a novel obstacle avoidance method based on an Improved Adaptive Artificial Potential field (IAAPF) is presented. This approach enhances UAV obstacle avoidance capabilities by utilizing segmented attraction potential fields refined with adaptive factors [...] Read more.

In response to safety concerns pertaining to multi-UAV formation flights, a novel obstacle avoidance method based on an Improved Adaptive Artificial Potential field (IAAPF) is presented. This approach enhances UAV obstacle avoidance capabilities by utilizing segmented attraction potential fields refined with adaptive factors and augmented with virtual forces for inter-UAV collision avoidance. To further enhance the control and stability of multi-UAV formations, a Sliding Mode Control (SMC) method is integrated into the IAAPF-based obstacle avoidance framework. Renowned for its robustness and ability to handle system uncertainties and disturbances, the SMC method is combined with a feedback control system that utilizes inner and outer loops. The outer loop generates the desired path based on the leader’s state and control commands, while the inner loop tracks these trajectories and adjusts the follower UAVs’ motions. This design ensures that obstacle feedback is accounted for before the desired state information is received, enabling effective obstacle avoidance while maintaining formation integrity. Integrating leader-follower formation control techniques with SMC-based multi-UAV obstacle avoidance strategies ensures the effective convergence of the formation velocity and spacing to predetermined values, meeting the cooperative obstacle avoidance requirements of multi-UAV formations. Simulation results validate the efficacy of the proposed method in reaching otherwise unreachable destinations within obstacle-rich environments, while ensuring robust collision avoidance among UAVs. Full article

18 pages, 73211 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Spatial Patterns and Building Policies of Rural Settlements in the Context of Demolition: The Case of Xian’an, China

by Wang Long, Qiang Li, Zhangxian Feng, Xiaodong Chang and Jiquan Liao

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 3013; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14093013 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

In China, the “land-restructuring” policy provides balanced land for urban settlements that is strictly limited in expansion. Therefore, reassessing and adjusting the layout of rural settlements is of great practical significance for promoting rural revitalization. In this paper, taking Xian’an district in Hubei [...] Read more.

In China, the “land-restructuring” policy provides balanced land for urban settlements that is strictly limited in expansion. Therefore, reassessing and adjusting the layout of rural settlements is of great practical significance for promoting rural revitalization. In this paper, taking Xian’an district in Hubei Province as an example, we use the weighted rank-sum ratio comprehensive evaluation method and spatial association analysis method to analyze the development level and spatial pattern of settlements. The results show that: (1) The development level of settlements in Xian’an shows obvious spatial differences, with a spatial pattern of ‘high in the core–low in the periphery’ and ‘high in the northwest–low in the southeast’, which is the result of the combined effect of natural geographical conditions and socioeconomic conditions; (2) The comprehensive development level of settlements, evaluated based on four major indicators—population size, resource endowment, spatial characteristics, and material construction—reveals the presence of cluster effects, distance decay effects, administrative hierarchy effects, and “long board” effects; (3) Within village communities, settlements with significantly high levels and settlements with significantly low levels have a similar geographic distribution and mosaic spatial patterns. Lastly, based on the overall development level and spatial association patterns of settlements, this article presents possible options for governmental settlement governance from the standpoint of rural building management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Real Estate Economics and Livability)

22 pages, 2853 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Reinforced Whale Optimization Algorithm for Solving Mathematical Optimization Problems

by Yunpeng Ma, Xiaolu Wang and Wanting Meng

Biomimetics 2024, 9(9), 576; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9090576 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

The whale optimization algorithm has several advantages, such as simple operation, few control parameters, and a strong ability to jump out of the local optimum, and has been used to solve various practical optimization problems. In order to improve its convergence speed and [...] Read more.

The whale optimization algorithm has several advantages, such as simple operation, few control parameters, and a strong ability to jump out of the local optimum, and has been used to solve various practical optimization problems. In order to improve its convergence speed and solution quality, a reinforced whale optimization algorithm (RWOA) was designed. Firstly, an opposition-based learning strategy is used to generate other optima based on the best optimal solution found during the algorithm’s iteration, which can increase the diversity of the optimal solution and accelerate the convergence speed. Secondly, a dynamic adaptive coefficient is introduced in the two stages of prey and bubble net, which can balance exploration and exploitation. Finally, a kind of individual information-reinforced mechanism is utilized during the encircling prey stage to improve the solution quality. The performance of the RWOA is validated using 23 benchmark test functions, 29 CEC-2017 test functions, and 12 CEC-2022 test functions. Experiment results demonstrate that the RWOA exhibits better convergence accuracy and algorithm stability than the WOA on 20 benchmark test functions, 21 CEC-2017 test functions, and 8 CEC-2022 test functions, separately. Wilcoxon’s rank sum test shows that there are significant statistical differences between the RWOA and other algorithms Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

21 pages, 3552 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Limosilactobacillus reuteri Alleviates Anxiety-Like Behavior and Intestinal Symptoms in Two Stressed Mouse Models

by Liang Zhang, Shuwen Zhang, Minzhi Jiang, Xue Ni, Mengxuan Du, He Jiang, Mingxia Bi, Yulin Wang, Chang Liu and Shuangjiang Liu

Nutrients 2024, 16(18), 3209; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16183209 (registering DOI) - 22 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Limosilactobacillus (Lm.) reuteri is a widely utilized probiotic, recognized for its significant role in alleviating symptoms associated with gastrointestinal and psychiatric disorders. However, the effectiveness of Lm. reuteri is strain-specific, and its genetic diversity leads to significant differences in phenotypes among different [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Limosilactobacillus (Lm.) reuteri is a widely utilized probiotic, recognized for its significant role in alleviating symptoms associated with gastrointestinal and psychiatric disorders. However, the effectiveness of Lm. reuteri is strain-specific, and its genetic diversity leads to significant differences in phenotypes among different strains. This study aims to identify potential probiotic strains by comparing the strain-specific characteristics of Lm. reuteri to better understand their efficacy and mechanisms in alleviating stress-induced anxiety-like behaviors and gastrointestinal symptoms. Methods: We cultivated 11 strains of Lm. reuteri from healthy human samples and conducted phenotypic and genomic characterizations. Two strains, WLR01 (=GOLDGUT-LR99) and WLR06, were screened as potential probiotics and were tested for their efficacy in alleviating anxiety-like behavior and intestinal symptoms in mouse models subjected to sleep deprivation (SD) and water avoidance stress (WAS). Results: The results showed that the selected strains effectively improved mouse behaviors, including cognitive impairment and inflammatory response, as well as improving anxiety and regulating gut microbiota composition. The improvements with WLR01 were associated with the regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in the SD model mice and were associated with visceral hypersensitivity and intestinal integrity in the WAS model mice. Conclusions: In summary, this study identified the Lm. reuteri strain WLR01 as having the potential to alleviate anxiety-like behavior and intestinal symptoms through the analysis of Lm. reuteri genotypes and phenotypes, as well as validation in mouse models, thereby laying the foundation for future clinical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

Recent Articles

Open Access Journals

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

News

Blog Posts

Topics

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Journals by Subject

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI