Journal Description
Buildings
Buildings
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on building science, building engineering and architecture published monthly online by MDPI. The International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB) is affiliated with Buildings and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Inspec, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Engineering, Civil) / CiteScore - Q1 (Architecture)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 14.6 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Companion Journal: Architecture.
Impact Factor:
3.8 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.8 (2022)
Latest Articles
Verification of Ventilation and Aerosol Diffusion Characteristics on COVID-19 Transmission through the Air Occurred at an Ice Arena in Japan
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1632; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061632 (registering DOI) - 2 Jun 2024
Abstract
This study is about a COVID-19 outbreak and ventilation measures taken against COVID-19 transmission through the air occurred at an ice arena in Japan. The ice arena has been known to have a deterioration of indoor air quality affected by CO, NO2
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This study is about a COVID-19 outbreak and ventilation measures taken against COVID-19 transmission through the air occurred at an ice arena in Japan. The ice arena has been known to have a deterioration of indoor air quality affected by CO, NO2 and so on, and a total of 172 persons were infected with SARS-CoV-2, including the players and the spectators related to an ice hockey game in 2022. Given the suspected transmission through the air as one of infection routes, the primary objective of this study was to investigate the COVID-19 outbreak to verify the ventilation characteristics and aerosol diffusion characteristics. Additionally, the possibility of COVID-19 transmission through the air and the potentially effective ventilation measures in an ice arena are discussed. It was determined that the virus-containing aerosol was released from a player in the ice rink and accumulated in the cold air spot. After that, it was highly possible that it diffused from the player benches to the spectator seats due to the players’ movements under this unique air-conditioning and ventilation system. Judging from the results of genomic analysis, ventilation characteristics, and aerosol diffusion characteristics, the possibility of COVID-19 transmission through the air cannot be ruled out in an ice arena. The results of ventilation measures implemented in response to this problem confirmed that the integration of a lower-level exhaust fan based on cold air characteristics into the existing ventilation system is a relatively straightforward solution with the potential to be highly effective. While there is an option to refrain from using the ice arena in the event of an increased risk of mass infection during a pandemic, the findings of this study will contribute to an option to facilitate the smooth operation of ice arenas while implementing ventilation measures.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
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Feasibility of Repairing Concrete with Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Fiber Cloth: A Comprehensive Literature Review
by
Zengrui Pan, Rabin Tuladhar, Shi Yin, Feng Shi and Faning Dang
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1631; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061631 (registering DOI) - 2 Jun 2024
Abstract
This review explores the use of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber cloth as an innovative solution for the repair and reinforcement of concrete structures. UHMWPE is a polymer formed from a very large number of repeated ethylene (C2H4)
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This review explores the use of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber cloth as an innovative solution for the repair and reinforcement of concrete structures. UHMWPE is a polymer formed from a very large number of repeated ethylene (C2H4) units with higher molecular weight and long-chain crystallization than normal high-density polyethylene. With its superior tensile strength, elongation, and energy absorption capabilities, UHMWPE emerges as a promising alternative to traditional reinforcement materials like glass and carbon fibers. The paper reviews existing literature on fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) applications in concrete repair in general, highlighting the unique benefits and potential of UHMWPE fiber cloth compared to other commonly used methods of strengthening concrete structures, such as enlarging concrete sections, near-surface embedded reinforcement, and externally bonded steel plate or other FRPs. Despite the scarcity of experimental data on UHMWPE for concrete repair, this review underscores its feasibility and calls for further research to fully harness its capabilities in civil engineering applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly Building Materials: Recycled Waste and Sustainable Design)
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Open AccessArticle
Complex Building’s Decision Support Method Based on Fuzzy Signatures
by
Ádám Bukovics, Ferenc Lilik and László T. Kóczy
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1630; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061630 (registering DOI) - 2 Jun 2024
Abstract
In the inner areas of large cities, many residential buildings built at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries remain standing. The maintenance and renovation of these buildings have emerged as critical priorities over recent decades. E.g., in Budapest during the socialist
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In the inner areas of large cities, many residential buildings built at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries remain standing. The maintenance and renovation of these buildings have emerged as critical priorities over recent decades. E.g., in Budapest during the socialist era, the majority of these buildings were not renovated, and maintenance was largely neglected. In the subsequent 10–15 years following the end of socialism, financial resources for renovations were scarce due to the extensive transfer of properties from state to private ownership. It is only in the last decade or so that renovations have begun to be systematically addressed. Consequently, a significant portion of the building stock is still pending renovation. Given the current economic conditions, sustainable maintenance and necessary conversion are of paramount importance. Unfortunately, few standardized condition assessment methods are implemented in industrial practice, and the literature on this topic is limited. To address these challenges, we have developed an algorithm and model for condition assessment and decision support, which we refer to as the Complex Building’s Decision Support System based on Fuzzy Signatures (CBDF system). Our model employs a fuzzy signature-based approach to account for uncertainties, errors, and potentially missing data that may arise during the assessment process. The primary aim of this model is to equip professionals involved in building condition assessment with a tool that enables them to make consistent and objective decisions while minimizing errors. This paper provides a brief overview of the CBDF system and presents test results from the assessment of a selected structural component of a building, demonstrating the system’s functionality.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers of the CIRMARE 2023 – VI International Congress on Recovery, Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Buildings)
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The Cyclic Performance and Macro-Simplified Analytical Model of Internal Joints in RC-Assembled Frame Structures Connected by Unbonded Prestressed Strands and Mortise-Tenon Based on Numerical Studies
by
Junwei Wang, Wenxue Zhang and Cheng Zhang
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1629; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061629 (registering DOI) - 2 Jun 2024
Abstract
This paper introduces a novel type of connection that integrates unbonded prestressed strands (UPS) and mortise-tenon in an assembly frame structure (UPS-MTF). First, the damage process and failure modes of the joints under reciprocating horizontal loads were systematically analyzed using refined numerical models.
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This paper introduces a novel type of connection that integrates unbonded prestressed strands (UPS) and mortise-tenon in an assembly frame structure (UPS-MTF). First, the damage process and failure modes of the joints under reciprocating horizontal loads were systematically analyzed using refined numerical models. The recommended values of the design parameters of the joints were derived from the parametric analysis results. Refined numerical modeling results reveal the diagonal compression strut mechanism within the core region of the joint. The diagonal compression struts model assists in establishing the theoretical calculation formula for the skeleton curve of shear stress–strain in the core region. Second, a genetic algorithm (GA) parameter was identified for the restoring force model of the core region to determine the parameters of the hysteresis rules. Finally, a macro-simplified analytical model of the joint was created based on the restoring force model of the core region, and parameter analysis was conducted to verify the applicability of this macro-simplified analytical model. The research results prove that the damaged form of the joint proposed in this paper originates from the shear and relative slip damage between the components in the core region. The axial compression ratio significantly affects the hysteretic performance of the joints, and the upper and lower limit values were identified for the axial compression ratio of the joints. The area and initial effective stress of the UPS exert a minimal effect on the hysteretic performance of the joint. Based on the method proposed in this paper for determining the restoring force model in the core region of the joints, the hysteresis curves obtained from the macro-simplified analytical model closely match the refined numerical analysis model results. This correspondence verifies the applicability of the macro-simplified analytical model.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovation of Seismic Behavior in Structural Engineering)
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Open AccessArticle
Mechanical Behavior of Geogrid Flexible Reinforced Soil Wall Subjected to Dynamic Load
by
Yuliang Lin, Sumei Liu, Bin He, Lihua Li and Liping Qiao
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1628; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061628 (registering DOI) - 2 Jun 2024
Abstract
The geogrid flexible reinforced soil wall is widely used in engineering practice. However, a more comprehensive understanding of the dynamic behavior of reinforced soil wall is still required for a more reasonable application. In order to explore the mechanical behavior of a geogrid
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The geogrid flexible reinforced soil wall is widely used in engineering practice. However, a more comprehensive understanding of the dynamic behavior of reinforced soil wall is still required for a more reasonable application. In order to explore the mechanical behavior of a geogrid flexible reinforced soil wall, the model test was carried out to investigate the dynamic deformation of geogrid reinforced soil wall subjected to a repeated load. The numerical simulation was also conducted for comparison and extension with regards to the earth pressure and the reinforcement strain. The change rules for the deformation of the wall face, the vertical earth pressure and the reinforcement strain subjected to dynamic load with four frequencies (4, 6, 8 and 10 Hz) and four amplitudes (30–60, 40–80, 50–100 and 60–120 kPa) were obtained. The factors that affect the mechanical behavior of geogrid flexible reinforced soil wall were analyzed. The results show that the dynamic deformation characteristics of reinforced soil wall are affected by the number of vibrations, the amplitude of dynamic load and the frequency of vibration. The maximum lateral displacement of the reinforced soil wall occurs on the third to the fifth layer. With an increase in dynamic load amplitude, the development of dynamic deformation gradually increases, and after a cumulative vibration of 200 × 104 times, the cumulative lateral deformation ratio and the cumulative vertical deformation ratio of the wall face is less than 1%. The vertical earth pressure of geogrid flexible reinforced soil wall increases partially along the length of the reinforcement, and the vertical earth pressure of the third layer is basically unchanged when subjected to a dynamic load. With an increase in vibration number, the change in the reinforcement strain of the third layer is more complex, and the change rules of the reinforcement strain of each layer are different. The reinforcement strain is small, with a maximum value of 0.1%.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
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Open AccessArticle
HVAC Design Optimization for Pharmaceutical Facilities with BIM and CFD
by
Lijun Liu and Yilei Huang
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1627; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061627 (registering DOI) - 2 Jun 2024
Abstract
Building Information Modeling (BIM) has been widely used in the past decade to enhance the design quality of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. However, in specialized areas such as pharmaceutical facilities, HVAC design has traditionally relied on Computer-Aided Design (CAD) drawings.
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Building Information Modeling (BIM) has been widely used in the past decade to enhance the design quality of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. However, in specialized areas such as pharmaceutical facilities, HVAC design has traditionally relied on Computer-Aided Design (CAD) drawings. This conventional approach does not allow for the simulation of temperature distribution or the verification of system efficiency, which may lead to design failures. To address these challenges in pharmaceutical facilities, this study proposed a BIM-based approach for optimizing HVAC design with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). By employing CFD to simulate the dynamic airflow conditions of pharmaceutical clean rooms, the effectiveness of HVAC systems can be verified. A case study of a clean room HVAC design is presented to demonstrate the workflow. The results of the case study indicated that the pharmaceutical temperature requirements were met within 1 °C during the design optimization simulation, and there was a 95% match in the 72 h temperature mapping test during site validation. The results confirmed that using CFD with BIM not only successfully simulates the design intentions of indoor air quality but also suggests HVAC system optimization for the required clean room design. The findings of this paper contribute to the body of knowledge on overcoming the limitations of the traditional CAD-based HVAC design process and provide valuable insights on optimizing HVAC design with BIM and CFD technologies.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Building Information Modelling (BIM) Applications in Construction Management)
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Stability Analysis of “321” Prefabricated Highway Steel Truss Bridge
by
Haifang He, Yulong Zhou, Shoushan Cheng, Ning An, Hongyi Liu and Zhixuan Fei
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1626; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061626 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
The “321” prefabricated highway steel truss bridge is widely used for highway rescue, disaster relief, and emergency traffic. This paper uses a 33 m double-row monolayer “321” prefabricated highway steel truss bridge to analyze its mechanical properties and component stability. The actual traffic
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The “321” prefabricated highway steel truss bridge is widely used for highway rescue, disaster relief, and emergency traffic. This paper uses a 33 m double-row monolayer “321” prefabricated highway steel truss bridge to analyze its mechanical properties and component stability. The actual traffic flow capacity of a total weight of 53.32 tons is used in this study. The results show that the maximum internal force in the truss chord (including the stiffening chord) occurs in the middle span section when a centrally distributed load is applied. Meanwhile, the maximum internal force of truss diagonal members and truss vertical bars appears at the fulcrum section. Under the eccentrically distributed load, the maximum internal forces of truss chords (including stiffening chords) appear in the middle span section, which is closest to the vehicle load, while the maximum internal forces of truss diagonal members and truss vertical bars appear in the fulcrum section, which is closest to the vehicle load. While the maximum internal forces under the eccentrically distributed load are greater than the maximum internal forces under the centered-layout load, under the vehicle load, truss chords (including stiffening chords) are prone to buckling instability, and the buckling mode is mainly reverse out-of-plane buckling. The inclined members of the truss are prone to buckling instability, and the buckling mode is mainly the combination of out-of-plane bending and two-way out-of-plane bending. Truss vertical bars have good stability and are not easy to buckle. The main conclusions of this paper can provide references for the optimal design and operation safety of prefabricated highway steel truss bridges.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Performance of Steel and Composite Beams)
Open AccessArticle
Analysis of Amplification Effect and Optimal Control of the Toggle-Style Negative Stiffness Viscous Damper
by
Qiang Zhou, Wen Pan and Xiang Lan
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1625; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061625 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
This paper proposes a new toggle-style negative stiffness viscous damper (TNVD), and evaluates the performance of the TNVD with the displacement amplification factor (fd) and the energy dissipation factor (fE). Firstly, the composition and characteristics of the
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This paper proposes a new toggle-style negative stiffness viscous damper (TNVD), and evaluates the performance of the TNVD with the displacement amplification factor (fd) and the energy dissipation factor (fE). Firstly, the composition and characteristics of the TNVD are introduced. Subsequently, the displacement amplification factor is introduced to evaluate the displacement amplification ability of the TNVD, and it is decomposed into a geometric amplification factor and an effective displacement coefficient. Then, based on the geometric amplification factor and effective displacement coefficient, the correlation between the TNVD’s displacement amplification ability and inter-story deformation is studied, and an improved TNVD is proposed. By the comparison of the finite element calculation results, it is found that the improved TNVD can utilize the assumption of small structural deformation. After that, the impacts of plentiful aspects, such as the length of the lower connecting rod, the horizontal inclination angle of the lower connecting rod, the inter-story deformation limit, the cross-sectional area of the connecting rod, the damping coefficient, and the negative stiffness on the fd and fE of the improved TNVD, are expounded. The research results show that when the length of the TNVD’s lower connecting rod remains unchanged, the fd and fE present a trend of increasing first and then decreasing with the increase in the horizontal inclination angle of the lower connecting rod. When the inter-story deformation is fixed, there exists an optimal lower connecting rod’s length that satisfies a specific relationship to achieve the optimal geometric amplification factor of the TNVD. By adjusting the damping parameters of the TNVD, we can obtain a better effective displacement coefficient greater than 0.95 in the proposed target region. Meanwhile, the fd and fE increase with the decrease in the negative stiffness. An optimization strategy for the improved TNVD has been proposed to ensure that the TNVD has the characteristics of operational safety, ideal displacement amplification capability, and energy dissipation capability. Furthermore, a multi-objective control design method with an additional improved TNVD structure is proposed. The vibration reduction effect of the structure with the improved TNVD and the effectiveness of the optimization strategy are verified through examples.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Applications in Structural Vibration Control)
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Quality Risk Assessment of Prefabricated Steel Structural Components during Production Using Fuzzy Bayesian Networks
by
Chunling Zhong and Jin Peng
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1624; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061624 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
This study aims to address quality issues in the production of prefabricated steel structural components for buildings by investigating challenges in quality risk assessment. It identifies key factors contributing to quality problems and establishes an evaluation index system. Traditional methods encounter limitations in
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This study aims to address quality issues in the production of prefabricated steel structural components for buildings by investigating challenges in quality risk assessment. It identifies key factors contributing to quality problems and establishes an evaluation index system. Traditional methods encounter limitations in handling uncertainty and conducting quantitative analysis. Therefore, the fuzzy Bayesian network (FBN) theory is utilized to perform a probabilistic analysis of quality risks during the production phase. This research achieves a more accurate and dynamic risk assessment by integrating the strengths of fuzzy logic and Bayesian networks (BNs) and by utilizing expert knowledge, the similarity aggregation method (SAM), and the noisy-OR gate model. The study reveals that factors such as the “low professional level of designers”, “poor production refinement”, and “poor storage conditions for finished products” have a significant impact on quality risks. This study offers a scientific risk assessment tool designed to address the quality control challenges commonly experienced in the manufacturing of steel structural components. Identifying the critical risk factors that influence quality empowers actual production enterprises to develop risk management strategies and improvement measures in a more focused manner, thereby facilitating more effective resource allocation and risk prevention and control. Consequently, this approach has a significant impact on enhancing the overall production level and quality within the industry.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
Open AccessArticle
Airflow and Pressure Design Review of Modular Negative Pressure Wards
by
Hyung-Eun Park, Sumin Go and Young-Hak Song
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1623; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061623 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, the urgent need for the rapid deployment of healthcare facilities propelled the rise of modular construction using an infill approach. In these modular, negative-pressure wards, the design of indoor airflow and pressure plays a crucial role
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In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, the urgent need for the rapid deployment of healthcare facilities propelled the rise of modular construction using an infill approach. In these modular, negative-pressure wards, the design of indoor airflow and pressure plays a crucial role in meeting the ventilation strategies required for isolation facilities. Accordingly, this paper focuses on modular negative-pressure wards employing an infill construction method and proposes an appropriate spatial pressure distribution to address the problem of air tightness degradation due to leakage. This study analyzed the indoor airflow and pressure distribution of a unit module corresponding to an infill. It aimed to examine whether the pressure difference with the adjacent room is maintained and to assess its effectiveness in isolating contaminated air. First, the airflow rate of the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system in the unit module was calculated to ensure that it would meet the performance criteria of the negative-pressure ward. Afterward, based on the calculated rate, the study assessed the airflow and room-specific pressure within a typical floor, encompassing both the unit module and associated nursing support facilities. Here, the airflow in the external corridor of the typical floor was divided into two cases according to the pressure distribution: negative pressure and atmospheric pressure. The calculation results were compared using a computational fluid dynamics tool. The analysis results confirm that the air isolation performance is adequate as the pressure difference between adjacent rooms in the unit module and the typical floor was maintained at 2.5 Pa. Additionally, the indoor airflow in the negative-pressure isolation room formed a stable flow at a slow speed of 0.1–0.2 m/s, minimizing the possibility of air contamination from outside the isolation room. In particular, Case B of the typical floor design proposes a method to optimize the pressure distribution in the modular negative-pressure ward by designing the ventilation flow rate at atmospheric pressure level. Thus, this study emphasizes that atmospheric pressure design is appropriate when designing pressure in areas where negative-pressure control is difficult and can contribute to the design and improvement of similar medical facilities in the future.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on the Airtightness of Buildings)
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Cyclic Void Growth Model Parameter Calibration of Q460D Steel and ER55-G Welds after Exposure to High Temperatures
by
Fangfang Liao, Zhiyan Yang, Jinhu Wang, Pujing Fang, Xian Liu and Xiaohong Li
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1622; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061622 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
When high-strength steel is heated to high temperatures and then cooled naturally, its ductility decreases. In earthquake-prone areas, it is necessary to evaluate the ultra-low cycle fatigue fracture (ULCF) behavior of high-strength steel structures after a fire if these structures are used continuously.
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When high-strength steel is heated to high temperatures and then cooled naturally, its ductility decreases. In earthquake-prone areas, it is necessary to evaluate the ultra-low cycle fatigue fracture (ULCF) behavior of high-strength steel structures after a fire if these structures are used continuously. However, the ULCF fracture model of high-strength steel subjected to high temperatures followed by natural cooling has not been deeply studied. In view of this, twelve notched, round bar specimens fabricated from Q460D steel and ER55-G welds were heated to 900 °C followed by natural cooling and then cyclic loading experiments and finite element analyses (FEA) were performed on these specimens. The fracture deformation obtained from the experiments was used in the FEA to calibrate the damage degradation parameter of a Cyclic Void Growth Model (CVGM) of Q460D steel and ER55-G welds under this condition. The calibrated values were 0.30 and 0.20, respectively. The calibrated CVGM was employed to predict the number of cycles and the force and displacement at the fracture moment of the notched round bar specimens. The predicted results aligned closely with the experimental results, indicating that CVGM is effective in predicting the fracture of Q460D steel and ER55-G welds following exposure to 900 °C and subsequent natural cooling.
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(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)
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Evaluating Accessibility Solutions in Collective Residential Buildings: Field Research in Southeast Spain
by
Diego Mayordomo-Martínez and Ginés García-Mateos
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1621; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061621 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
With the ageing of the population in Western countries, the prevalence of disability and mobility problems is increasing, highlighting the urgent need to improve accessibility in environments where people spend a significant amount of time, such as collective housing. This paper examines the
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With the ageing of the population in Western countries, the prevalence of disability and mobility problems is increasing, highlighting the urgent need to improve accessibility in environments where people spend a significant amount of time, such as collective housing. This paper examines the accessibility of building entrances in collective housing in the Region of Murcia, south-eastern Spain, where 9.8% of the population is estimated to live with disabilities. Starting with a thorough review of national and regional accessibility regulations, this study applies a robust methodology by conducting fieldwork in 150 buildings to assess compliance and identify barriers. The methodology involved a systematic assessment of the accessibility of entrances, using criteria derived from the regulations, and a specific proposal of the accessibility solutions required for each case. The key findings show that the most effective way for improving the accessibility is a properly constructed ramp, with over 40% of buildings requiring the installation or improvement of ramps, either as a stand-alone solution or in combination with other adaptations. In 54% of cases, a multi-faceted approach was required to meet accessibility standards. It was also noted that older buildings typically require higher adaptation costs. Based on these findings, the study provides specific recommendations, such as the construction of ramps and other critical interventions, to improve the accessibility of buildings. These recommendations have the potential to guide public policy and drive improvements in urban planning to make residential areas more accessible.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)
Open AccessArticle
The Environmental Influencing Factors of the Realization of Engineering Construction Harmony from the Perspective of Ren–Shi–Wu: Evidence from China
by
Weiwei Zuo, Ning Yan and Qiankun Wang
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1620; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061620 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
Engineering construction involves many internal factors and external environmental factors, resulting in conflict or uncoordinated problems in engineering management. The harmonious management of engineering construction is the process of coordinating and solving the contradiction between construction elements and the problems between them and
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Engineering construction involves many internal factors and external environmental factors, resulting in conflict or uncoordinated problems in engineering management. The harmonious management of engineering construction is the process of coordinating and solving the contradiction between construction elements and the problems between them and the external environment. The connotations of three subsystems of engineering harmony, namely, Ren harmony (RH), Wu harmony (WH), and Shi harmony (SH), are defined, and the system architecture of engineering harmony is constructed. Then, a hypothetical model is proposed to deeply explore the impacts of subsystems such as Ren harmony, Wu harmony, and Shi harmony on engineering harmony, as well as the moderating effects of the natural ecology, social humanities, and political economy on engineering harmony. The results show that (1) natural ecology has a significant promotion effect on RH, SH, and engineering harmony; (2) social humanities have a significant enhancement effect on SH and engineering harmony; and (3) political economy does not play a significant role in any process. “Engineering harmony” is used to measure the effectiveness of engineering management, and a scientific scale is used to reflect this index. It provides a new idea for theoretical exploration and practical guidance in engineering construction management.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Project Development and Construction Management)
Open AccessArticle
Response Modification Factor of High-Strength Steel Frames with D-Eccentric Brace Using the IDA Method
by
Yan Ma, Jun Yang and Xiaotong Ma
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1619; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061619 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
The design innovation of high-strength steel frames paired with D-eccentric bracing exhibits remarkable resistance to plastic deformation during seismic events. This method strategically combines regular steel connections (with yield strengths below 345 MPa) and high-strength steel beams and columns (such as Q460 or
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The design innovation of high-strength steel frames paired with D-eccentric bracing exhibits remarkable resistance to plastic deformation during seismic events. This method strategically combines regular steel connections (with yield strengths below 345 MPa) and high-strength steel beams and columns (such as Q460 or Q690, with yield strengths over 460 MPa), effectively reducing cross-sectional sizes while preserving the elasticity of non-energy-dissipating members. This configuration results in substantial ductility and superior energy dissipation capabilities. The response modification factor (R) is vital for achieving both effective and economical seismic resilience, particularly in the development of efficient and cost-effective seismic designs. However, the 2016 edition of the Code for Seismic Design of Buildings (GB50011-2010) fails to incorporate the concept of R, opting instead to apply a uniform value to all structural systems. This oversight is fundamentally flawed, necessitating a comprehensive investigation into the R value specifically for the high-strength steel frame with a D-eccentric brace. This research primarily aims to improve structural performance design, provide guidance for future projects, and encourage the adoption of this advanced seismic performance structure in earthquake-prone areas. To achieve these objectives, a performance-based seismic design approach is employed. This method involves designing structures with varying numbers of stories (4, 8, and 12), different link lengths (900, 1000, and 1100 mm), and various steel strengths (Q460 and Q690). This study uses the Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) method to determine the R values for each prototype. The derived performance coefficients act as crucial references for the development of future innovative structural designs. This research greatly enhances seismic design practices and facilitates the wider adoption of high-strength steel frames with D-eccentric braces due to their outstanding seismic performance.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Reliability, Resilience and Design of Buildings against Multi-Hazards)
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Open AccessArticle
Advanced Recycling of Modified EDPM Rubber in Bituminous Asphalt Paving
by
Daniela Laura Buruiana, Lucian Puiu Georgescu, Gabriel Bogdan Carp and Viorica Ghisman
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1618; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061618 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
One of the environmental problems worldwide is the enormous number of surgical masks used during the COVID-19 pandemic due to the measures imposed by the World Health Organization on the mandatory use of masks in public spaces. The current study is a potential
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One of the environmental problems worldwide is the enormous number of surgical masks used during the COVID-19 pandemic due to the measures imposed by the World Health Organization on the mandatory use of masks in public spaces. The current study is a potential circular economy approach to recycling the surgical masks discarded into the environment during the COVID-19 pandemic for use in bituminous asphalt pavement. FTIR analysis showed that the surgical masks used were made from ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber modified with polypropylene. The effects of the addition of surgical masks in bituminous asphalt on the performance of the base course were demonstrated in this study. The morphology and elemental composition of the bituminous asphalt pavement samples with two ratios of surgical mask composition were investigated by SEM-EDX and the performance of the modified bituminous asphalt pavement was determined by Marshall stability, flow rate, solid–liquid ratio, apparent density, and water absorption. The study refers to the technological innovation of using surgical masks in the formulation of AB 31.5 bituminous asphalt base course, which brings tremendous benefits to the environment by reducing the damage caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Road Pavements)
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Open AccessArticle
Seismic Performance of Precast Double-Skin Composite Shear Wall with Horizontal Connection Region
by
Huanqin Liu, Nuoqi Shi, Xu Fu and Jingjing Zhang
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1617; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061617 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
This paper proposed a novel, precast double-skin composite (DSC) shear wall, which was composed of two precast parts at the factory and welding and pouring grouting material on site. One monolithic cast-in-place DSC shear wall specimen and two precast DSC shear wall specimens
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This paper proposed a novel, precast double-skin composite (DSC) shear wall, which was composed of two precast parts at the factory and welding and pouring grouting material on site. One monolithic cast-in-place DSC shear wall specimen and two precast DSC shear wall specimens with different axial compression ratios were subjected to reverse cyclic loading tests. The results indicated that the failure mode of both the cast-in-place and precast DSC shear wall shear walls were compression-bending failures, and the damage range of specimens within a height range of 100 mm to 200 mm from the bottom of the DSC shear wall. The load-bearing capacity of the precast specimen was 6.3% higher than that of the monolithic counterpart, but its ductility was reduced by 16%. The precast DSC shear wall with better casting quality and easier site installation exhibited a satisfactory seismic performance on a par with that of the monolithic cast-in-place DSC shear wall. Under higher axial compression ratios, the bearing capacity and energy dissipation of the precast DSC shear wall specimen significantly improved due to the enhanced confinement effect. Finite element (FE) models clarified the stress and deformation mechanisms between the exterior steel plate and the infill concrete. Finally, the key parameters affecting the seismic bearing capacity of the precast DSC shear wall were identified through FE parameter analysis.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Steel–Concrete Composite Structures)
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Open AccessReview
Understanding the Future Competitive Advantages of the Construction Industry
by
Fortune Aigbe, Clinton Aigbavboa, John Aliu and Lekan Amusan
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1616; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061616 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
Technological changes (such as Construction 4.0) in an organization cause the workforce to exhibit resistance to change, job redundancy, etc. Geographical location will no longer provide a competitive advantage, but resources will be the source of competitive advantage in the future, and these
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Technological changes (such as Construction 4.0) in an organization cause the workforce to exhibit resistance to change, job redundancy, etc. Geographical location will no longer provide a competitive advantage, but resources will be the source of competitive advantage in the future, and these resources will be intangible, valuable, and not be easily imitated. The aim of this study is to provide an understanding of the future competitive advantages of organizations in the construction industry that could help the construction workforce easily adapt to technological changes. This study is based on resource-based theory and the ADKAR change management model. This study developed an ADREKA sequence for organizations to achieve future competitive advantage during technological changes in the construction industry. Hence, building social, relational, and human capital is necessary during technological changes to achieve competitive advantage for an organization and foster workforce adaptability to change.
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(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)
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Open AccessArticle
Agglomeration Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Urban Innovation Spaces Based on the Distribution Data of High-Tech Enterprises in Harbin
by
Songtao Wu, Bowen Li and Daming Xu
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1615; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061615 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
In the knowledge economy, innovation is playing an increasingly important role in urban sustainable development. Thus, how to strengthen the construction of innovation spaces has become a significant issue. Based on data from high-tech enterprises in the central urban area of Harbin, this
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In the knowledge economy, innovation is playing an increasingly important role in urban sustainable development. Thus, how to strengthen the construction of innovation spaces has become a significant issue. Based on data from high-tech enterprises in the central urban area of Harbin, this study analyzes the distribution, agglomeration characteristics, and influencing factors of urban innovation spaces. The influencing factor index system was constructed based on four aspects: innovation support, service facilities, the social environment, and the natural environment. After analyzing these influencing factors through comparing the results obtained with an ordinary least squares (OLS) model and a geographical weighted regression (GWR) model, the GWR model was determined to have a better fitting effect and was thus used for further analysis. The findings are as follows: (1) Five closely related clusters of innovation spaces are identified. Innovation space has a significant agglomerating distribution pattern. (2) Overall, factors supporting innovation and transportation station factors have a positive effect on the agglomeration of innovation spaces, while natural environment factors have a negative effect on small innovation areas. (3) By region, the aggregation of innovation spaces in downtown areas is slightly negatively affected by service facilities, whereas those in the Harbin New District are mainly supported by policies and those in the Pingfang District are positively affected by the quantity of the labor force. Finally, based on the research results, some suggestions are put forward to promote the development of urban innovation spaces. This paper has certain guiding significance for optimizing and improving the construction and development of urban innovation spaces.
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(This article belongs to the Collection Strategies for Sustainable Urban Development)
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Open AccessArticle
Sensitivity of a Lumped-Capacitance Building Thermal Modelling Approach for Energy-Market-Scale Flexibility Studies
by
Topi Rasku, Raimo Simson and Juha Kiviluoma
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1614; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061614 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
Despite all the literature on building energy management, building-stock-scale models depicting its impact for energy-market-scale optimisation models are lacking. To address this shortcoming, an open-source tool called ArchetypeBuildingModel.jl has been developed for aggregating building-stock-level data into simplified lumped-capacitance thermal models compatible with existing
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Despite all the literature on building energy management, building-stock-scale models depicting its impact for energy-market-scale optimisation models are lacking. To address this shortcoming, an open-source tool called ArchetypeBuildingModel.jl has been developed for aggregating building-stock-level data into simplified lumped-capacitance thermal models compatible with existing open-source energy-system modelling frameworks. This paper aims to demonstrate the feasibility of these simplified thermal models by comparing their performance against dedicated building simulation software, as well as examining their sensitivity to key modelling and parameter assumptions. Modelling and parameter assumptions comparable to the existing literature achieved an acceptable performance according to ASHRAE Guideline 14 across all tested buildings and nodal configurations. The most robust performance was achieved with a period of variations above 13 days and interior node depth between 0.1 and 0.2 for structural thermal mass calibrations, and with external shading coefficients between 0.6 and 1.0 and solar heat gain convective fractions between 0.4 and 0.6 for solar heat gain calibrations. Furthermore, three-plus-node lumped-capacitance thermal models are recommended when modelling buildings with structures varying in terms of thermal mass. Nevertheless, the ArchetypeBuildingModel.jl performance was found to be robust against uncertain key parameter assumptions, making it plausible for energy-market-scale applications.
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(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
Open AccessArticle
Enhancing Architectural Education through Artificial Intelligence: A Case Study of an AI-Assisted Architectural Programming and Design Course
by
Shitao Jin, Huijun Tu, Jiangfeng Li, Yuwei Fang, Zhang Qu, Fan Xu, Kun Liu and Yiquan Lin
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1613; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061613 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
This study addresses the current lack of research on the effectiveness assessment of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology in architectural education. Our aim is to evaluate the impact of AI-assisted architectural teaching on student learning. To achieve this, we developed an AI-embedded teaching model.
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This study addresses the current lack of research on the effectiveness assessment of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology in architectural education. Our aim is to evaluate the impact of AI-assisted architectural teaching on student learning. To achieve this, we developed an AI-embedded teaching model. A total of 24 students from different countries participated in this 9-week course, completing a comprehensive analysis of architectural programming and design using AI technologies. This study conducted questionnaire surveys with students at both midterm and final stages of the course, followed by structured interviews after the course completion, to explore the effectiveness and application status of the teaching model. The results indicate that the AI-embedded teaching model positively and effectively influenced student learning. The “innovative capability” and “work efficiency” of AI technologies were identified as key factors affecting the effectiveness of the teaching model. Furthermore, the study revealed a close integration of AI technologies with architectural programming but identified challenges in the uncontrollable expression of architectural design outcomes. Student utilization of AI technologies appeared fragmented, lacking a systematic approach. Lastly, the study provides targeted optimization suggestions based on the current application status of AI technologies among students. This research offers theoretical and practical support for the further integration of AI technologies in architectural education.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Building Development)
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