Journal Description
Symmetry
Symmetry
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal covering research on symmetry/asymmetry phenomena wherever they occur in all aspects of natural sciences. Symmetry is published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), CAPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, Astrophysics Data System, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Multidisciplinary Sciences) / CiteScore - Q1 (General Mathematics); Q1 (Physics and Astronomy); Q1 (Computer Science)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 16.2 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.5 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Symmetry.
Impact Factor:
2.7 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
2.7 (2022)
Latest Articles
Hypergolic Ignition by Off-Center Binary Collision of Monoethanolamine-NaBH4 and Hydrogen Peroxide Droplets
Symmetry 2024, 16(6), 682; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16060682 (registering DOI) - 2 Jun 2024
Abstract
Hypergolic ignition of H2O2 and MEA-NaBH4 by off-center collision of their droplets was experimentally studied, focusing on the characteristics and mechanism of droplet mixing, droplet heating and evaporation, and gas-phase ignition. The whole collision ignition process was divided into
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Hypergolic ignition of H2O2 and MEA-NaBH4 by off-center collision of their droplets was experimentally studied, focusing on the characteristics and mechanism of droplet mixing, droplet heating and evaporation, and gas-phase ignition. The whole collision ignition process was divided into five stages, which were compared, respectively, with that of head-on collision. Under the condition of a slightly off-center collision (for cases where B < 0.35), H2O2 droplets penetrate MEA-NaBH4 droplets after the collision and coalesce with it, but the internal H2O2 drop inside the MEA-NaBH4 droplet does not form a stable sphere. Instead, it rotates and expands inside the mixed droplet. With B increasing to 0.59, the droplets no longer coalesce after collision but separate away, forming satellite droplets. In such cases, multi-ignition mode is observed. When B increases to a certain extent, specifically, 0.85, a grazing collision is observed such that no mass transfer exists during the interaction of droplets, which leads to ignition failure. A theoretical model quantifying droplet swelling rate was established to calculate the volume change of the droplet. It was found that the swelling can be attributed to the flash boiling of superheated internal H2O2 fluid. Meanwhile, the ignition delay time was found to linearly decrease with B at various Wes until the extent where the chemical reaction takes over control, leading to an almost constant time delay defined as RDT. Additionally, the regime of ignition modes corresponding to different droplet mixing features is summarized in the We-B parametric space.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Aerospace Sciences and Applications)
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Open AccessReview
Handwritten Recognition Techniques: A Comprehensive Review
by
Husam Ahmad Alhamad, Mohammad Shehab, Mohd Khaled Y. Shambour, Muhannad A. Abu-Hashem, Ala Abuthawabeh, Hussain Al-Aqrabi, Mohammad Sh. Daoud and Fatima B. Shannaq
Symmetry 2024, 16(6), 681; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16060681 (registering DOI) - 2 Jun 2024
Abstract
Given the prevalence of handwritten documents in human interactions, optical character recognition (OCR) for documents holds immense practical value. OCR is a field that empowers the translation of various document types and images into data that can be analyzed, edited, and searched. In
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Given the prevalence of handwritten documents in human interactions, optical character recognition (OCR) for documents holds immense practical value. OCR is a field that empowers the translation of various document types and images into data that can be analyzed, edited, and searched. In handwritten recognition techniques, symmetry can be crucial to improving accuracy. It can be used as a preprocessing step to normalize the input data, making it easier for the recognition algorithm to identify and classify characters accurately. This review paper aims to summarize the research conducted on character recognition for handwritten documents and offer insights into future research directions. Within this review, the research articles focused on handwritten OCR were gathered, synthesized, and examined, along with closely related topics, published between 2019 and the first quarter of 2024. Well-established electronic databases and a predefined review protocol were utilized for article selection. The articles were identified through keyword, forward, and backward reference searches to comprehensively cover all relevant literature. Following a rigorous selection process, 116 articles were included in this systematic literature review. This review article presents cutting-edge achievements and techniques in OCR and underscores areas where further research is needed.
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(This article belongs to the Section Computer)
Open AccessArticle
Effective Video Summarization Using Channel Attention-Assisted Encoder–Decoder Framework
by
Faisal Alharbi, Shabana Habib, Waleed Albattah, Zahoor Jan, Meshari D. Alanazi and Muhammad Islam
Symmetry 2024, 16(6), 680; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16060680 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
A significant number of cameras regularly generate massive amounts of data, demanding hardware, time, and labor resources to acquire, process, and monitor. Asymmetric frames within videos pose a challenge to automatic summarization of videos, making it challenging to capture key content. Developments in
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A significant number of cameras regularly generate massive amounts of data, demanding hardware, time, and labor resources to acquire, process, and monitor. Asymmetric frames within videos pose a challenge to automatic summarization of videos, making it challenging to capture key content. Developments in computer vision have accelerated the seamless capture and analysis of high-resolution video content. Video summarization (VS) has garnered considerable interest due to its ability to provide concise summaries of lengthy videos. The current literature mainly relies on a reduced set of representative features implemented using shallow sequential networks. Therefore, this work utilizes an optimal feature-assisted visual intelligence framework for representative feature selection and summarization. Initially, the empirical analysis of several features is performed, and ultimately, we adopt a fine-tuning InceptionV3 backbone for feature extraction, deviating from conventional approaches. Secondly, our strategic encoder–decoder module captures complex relationships with five convolutional blocks and two convolution transpose blocks. Thirdly, we introduced a channel attention mechanism, illuminating interrelations between channels and prioritizing essential patterns to grasp complex refinement features for final summary generation. Additionally, comprehensive experiments and ablation studies validate our framework's exceptional performance, consistently surpassing state-of-the-art networks on two benchmarks (TVSum and SumMe) datasets.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Symmetry/Asymmetry of Image Processing and Computer Vision)
Open AccessArticle
Power Transformer On-Load Capacity-Regulating Control and Optimization Based on Load Forecasting and Hesitant Fuzzy Control
by
Dexu Zou, Xinyu Sun, Hao Quan, Jianhua Yin, Qingjun Peng, Shan Wang, Weiju Dai and Zhihu Hong
Symmetry 2024, 16(6), 679; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16060679 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024
Abstract
The operational stability of a power transformer exerts an extremely important impact on the power symmetry, balance, and security of power systems. When the grid load fluctuates greatly, if the load factor of the transformer cannot be maintained within a reasonable range, it
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The operational stability of a power transformer exerts an extremely important impact on the power symmetry, balance, and security of power systems. When the grid load fluctuates greatly, if the load factor of the transformer cannot be maintained within a reasonable range, it leads to increased instability in grid operation. Adjusting the transformer capacity based on load changes is of great significance. The existing control methods for on-load capacity-regulating (OLCR) transformers have low timeliness, and the daily switching frequency of the capacity-regulating switch is not controlled. To ensure the safe and stable operation of transformers, this paper proposes a control method for OLCR transformers based on load prediction and fuzzy control. Firstly, the operating principle of OLCR transformers is analyzed, and a multi-strategy enhanced dung beetle optimizer (MSDBO) combined with a CNN−LSTM model is proposed for load forecasting. On this basis, the daily switching frequency of the capacity-regulating transformer is introduced, and hesitant fuzzy control is used to select the optimal capacity-regulating strategy relying on three factors: loss, economy, and switching frequency. Finally, simulation models are constructed using the MATLAB/SIMULINK platform and simulation analysis is conducted to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control method. For the three scenarios in this paper, the method reduces daily power loss by 28.5% to 56.3% and daily operating costs by 25.4% to 50.8%. The method used in this paper can sacrifice 3.5% to 9.2% of the loss reduction capability in exchange for reducing the number of switch operations by 28.6% to 57.1%, significantly extending the lifespan of the switches and thereby increasing the operational lifespan of the transformer.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry/Asymmetry Studies in Modern Power Systems)
Open AccessArticle
Solving Second-Order Homogeneous Linear Differential Equations in Terms of the Tri-Confluent Heun’s Function
by
Shayea Aldossari
Symmetry 2024, 16(6), 678; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16060678 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2024
Abstract
In this paper, we state an algorithm that checks whether a given second-order linear differential equation can be reduced to the tri-confluent Heun’s equation. The algorithm provides a method for finding solutions of the form
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In this paper, we state an algorithm that checks whether a given second-order linear differential equation can be reduced to the tri-confluent Heun’s equation. The algorithm provides a method for finding solutions of the form where the parameters the functions and f are not constant.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mathematics)
Open AccessArticle
Timelike Constant Axis Ruled Surface Family in Minkowski 3-Space
by
Areej A. Almoneef and Rashad A. Abdel-Baky
Symmetry 2024, 16(6), 677; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16060677 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2024
Abstract
A timelike ( ) constant axis ruled surface in (Minkowski 3-space), as determined by its ruling, forms a constant dual angle with its Disteli-axis (striction axis or curvature axis). In this article, we employ the symmetry through point geometry
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A timelike ( ) constant axis ruled surface in (Minkowski 3-space), as determined by its ruling, forms a constant dual angle with its Disteli-axis (striction axis or curvature axis). In this article, we employ the symmetry through point geometry of Lorentzian dual curves and the line geometry of ruled surfaces. This produces the capability to expound a set of curvature functions that specify the local configurations of ruled surfaces. Then, we gain some new constant axis ruled surfaces in Lorentzian line space and their geometrical illustrations. Further, we also earn several organizations among a constant axis ruled surface and its striction curve.
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(This article belongs to the Section Mathematics)
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Open AccessArticle
Modeling the Nonmonotonic Immune Response in a Tumor–Immune System Interaction
by
Yu Liu, Yuhang Ma, Cuihong Yang, Zhihang Peng, Yasuhiro Takeuchi, Malay Banerjee and Yueping Dong
Symmetry 2024, 16(6), 676; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16060676 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2024
Abstract
Tumor–immune system interactions are very complicated, being highly nonlinear and not well understood. A large number of tumors can potentially weaken the immune system through various mechanisms such as secreting cytokines that suppress the immune response. In this paper, we propose a tumor–immune
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Tumor–immune system interactions are very complicated, being highly nonlinear and not well understood. A large number of tumors can potentially weaken the immune system through various mechanisms such as secreting cytokines that suppress the immune response. In this paper, we propose a tumor–immune system interaction model with a nonmonotonic immune response function and adoptive cellular immunotherapy (ACI). The model has a tumor-free equilibrium and at most three tumor-presence equilibria (low, moderate and high ones). The stability of all equilibria is studied by analyzing their characteristic equations. The consideration of nonmonotonic immune response results in a series of bifurcations such as the saddle-node bifurcation, transcritical bifurcation, Hopf bifurcation and Bogdanov–Takens bifurcation. In addition, numerical simulation results show the coexistence of periodic orbits and homoclinic orbits. Interestingly, along with various bifurcations, we also found two bistable scenarios: the coexistence of a stable tumor-free as well as a high-tumor-presence equilibrium and the coexistence of a stable-low as well as a high-tumor-presence equilibrium, which can show symmetric and antisymmetric properties in a range of model parameters and initial cell concentrations. The new findings indicate that under ACI, patients can possibly reach either a stable tumor-free state or a low-tumor-presence state in the presence of nonmonotonic immune response once the immune system is activated.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical Modeling in Biology and Life Sciences)
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Open AccessArticle
Solitons of η-Ricci–Bourguignon Type on Submanifolds in (LCS)m Manifolds
by
Lixu Yan, Vandana, Aliya Naaz Siddiqui, Halil Ibrahim Yoldas and Yanlin Li
Symmetry 2024, 16(6), 675; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16060675 (registering DOI) - 31 May 2024
Abstract
In this research article, we concentrate on the exploration of submanifolds in an -manifold . We examine these submanifolds in the context of two distinct vector fields, namely, the characteristic vector field and the concurrent
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In this research article, we concentrate on the exploration of submanifolds in an -manifold . We examine these submanifolds in the context of two distinct vector fields, namely, the characteristic vector field and the concurrent vector field. Initially, we consider some classifications of -Ricci–Bourguignon (in short, -RB) solitons on both invariant and anti-invariant submanifolds of employing the characteristic vector field. We establish several significant findings through this process. Furthermore, we investigate additional results by using -RB solitons on invariant submanifolds of with concurrent vector fields, and discuss a supporting example.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Its Application in Differential Geometry and Topology III)
Open AccessArticle
A New Adaptive Levenberg–Marquardt Method for Nonlinear Equations and Its Convergence Rate under the Hölderian Local Error Bound Condition
by
Yang Han and Shaoping Rui
Symmetry 2024, 16(6), 674; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16060674 (registering DOI) - 30 May 2024
Abstract
The Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) method is one of the most significant methods for solving nonlinear equations as well as symmetric and asymmetric linear equations. To improve the method, this paper proposes a new adaptive LM algorithm by modifying the LM parameter, combining the trust
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The Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) method is one of the most significant methods for solving nonlinear equations as well as symmetric and asymmetric linear equations. To improve the method, this paper proposes a new adaptive LM algorithm by modifying the LM parameter, combining the trust region technique and the non-monotone technique. It is interesting that the new algorithm is constantly optimized by adaptively choosing the LM parameter. To evaluate the effectiveness of the new algorithm, we conduct tests using various examples. To extend the convergence results, we prove the convergence of the new algorithm under the Hölderian local error bound condition rather than the commonly used local error bound condition. Theoretical analysis and numerical results show that the new algorithm is stable and effective.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Mathematics and Its Applications in Numerical Analysis)
Open AccessArticle
On the Solvatochromism of Fluorescein Sodium
by
Corina Cheptea, Alexandru Zara, Ecaterina Ambrosi, Ana Cezarina Morosanu, Maria Diaconu, Mihaela Miron, Dana Ortansa Dorohoi and Dan Gheorghe Dimitriu
Symmetry 2024, 16(6), 673; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16060673 (registering DOI) - 30 May 2024
Abstract
Fluorescein sodium is a very important compound for a wide spectrum of applications, from which medical applications prevail. Despite this, there are very few studies in the literature related to the structure and fundamental properties of fluorescein sodium and its solutions, with most
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Fluorescein sodium is a very important compound for a wide spectrum of applications, from which medical applications prevail. Despite this, there are very few studies in the literature related to the structure and fundamental properties of fluorescein sodium and its solutions, with most of the studies dealing with fluorescein. The purpose of the present article is to determine some parameters of the fluorescein sodium molecule approaching the quantum-mechanical modeling and experimental solvatochromism in both binary and ternary solutions. For data analysis, several theoretical models were applied. The results highlight the intermolecular interactions involved in the spectral shift of the electronic absorption band of fluorescein sodium when dissolved in different solvents or binary solvents and allowed the estimation of the difference between the interaction energy in molecular pairs of the type of fluorescein sodium − solvent 1 and fluorescein sodium − solvent 2. By applying a variational method, the dipole moment in the first excited state of the fluorescein sodium molecule and the angle between the dipole moments in the ground and excited states, respectively, were estimated. These results are useful for a better understanding of the behavior of fluorescein sodium when dissolved in different solvents or combinations of solvents, to develop new practical applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemistry: Symmetry/Asymmetry—Feature Papers and Reviews)
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Open AccessArticle
Symmetrical Data Recovery: FPGA-Based Multi-Dimensional Elastic Recovery Acceleration for Multiple Block Failures in Ceph Systems
by
Fan Lei, Yong Wang, Junqi Chen and Sijie Yang
Symmetry 2024, 16(6), 672; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16060672 (registering DOI) - 30 May 2024
Abstract
In the realm of Ceph distributed storage systems, ensuring swift and symmetrical data recovery during severe data corruption scenarios is pivotal for data reliability and system stability. This paper introduces an innovative FPGA-based Multi-Dimensional Elastic Recovery Acceleration method, termed AMDER-Ceph. Utilizing FPGA technology,
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In the realm of Ceph distributed storage systems, ensuring swift and symmetrical data recovery during severe data corruption scenarios is pivotal for data reliability and system stability. This paper introduces an innovative FPGA-based Multi-Dimensional Elastic Recovery Acceleration method, termed AMDER-Ceph. Utilizing FPGA technology, this method is a pioneer in accelerating erasure code data recovery within such systems symmetrically. By harnessing the parallel computing power of FPGAs and optimizing Cauchy matrix binary operations, AMDER-Ceph significantly enhances data recovery speed and efficiency symmetrically. Our evaluations in real-world Ceph environments show that AMDER-Ceph achieves up to 4.84 times faster performance compared with traditional methods, especially evident in the standard 4 MB block size configurations of Ceph systems.
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(This article belongs to the Section Computer)
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A Singular Tempered Sub-Diffusion Fractional Model Involving a Non-Symmetrically Quasi-Homogeneous Operator
by
Xinguang Zhang, Peng Chen, Lishuang Li and Yonghong Wu
Symmetry 2024, 16(6), 671; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16060671 (registering DOI) - 30 May 2024
Abstract
In this paper, we focus on the existence of positive solutions for a singular tempered sub-diffusion fractional model involving a quasi-homogeneous nonlinear operator. By using the spectrum theory and computing the fixed point index, some new sufficient conditions for the existence of positive
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In this paper, we focus on the existence of positive solutions for a singular tempered sub-diffusion fractional model involving a quasi-homogeneous nonlinear operator. By using the spectrum theory and computing the fixed point index, some new sufficient conditions for the existence of positive solutions are derived. It is worth pointing out that the nonlinearity of the equation contains a tempered fractional sub-diffusion term, and is allowed to possess strong singularities in time and space variables. In particular, the quasi-homogeneous operator is a nonlinear and non-symmetrical operator.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Geometric Theory of Analytic Functions)
Open AccessArticle
Advancing Sustainable Urban Development: Navigating Complexity with Spherical Fuzzy Decision Making
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Mohd Anjum, Hong Min, Gaurav Sharma and Zubair Ahmed
Symmetry 2024, 16(6), 670; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16060670 (registering DOI) - 29 May 2024
Abstract
This study explores the complexities of urban planning and addresses major issues by carefully weighing four options for smart city technology, community-based development, green infrastructure investment, and transit-oriented development. Unlike traditional evaluations, our study applies the novel SWARA-WASPAS model to spherical fuzzy sets
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This study explores the complexities of urban planning and addresses major issues by carefully weighing four options for smart city technology, community-based development, green infrastructure investment, and transit-oriented development. Unlike traditional evaluations, our study applies the novel SWARA-WASPAS model to spherical fuzzy sets (SFSs), thus identifying and navigating the uncertainty present in decision making. This methodological approach improves the accuracy of our assessment by providing detailed information about the advantages and disadvantages of each option. Our study offers useful insights for urban policymakers and planners using carefully weighted criteria and employing a methodical ranking procedure. The aim is to provide insights for decisions that promote equity, environmental consciousness, resilience, and symmetry in urban environments. The application of the SWARA-WASPAS approach not only advances the field but also provides a strong basis for informed decision making. This improves the accuracy of our evaluations and provides detailed insights into each option’s pros and cons. Our study uses weighted criteria and systematic ranking to advise urban policymakers and planners. Our main goal is to help urban populations make resilient, environmentally responsible, equitable, and symmetrical decisions. Our research aims to further the conversation on sustainable urban development by offering a framework based on data that addresses the difficulties associated with dynamic urban environments. In the end, we want our humanized viewpoint to speak to a wider audience and inspire a shared dedication to creating cities that flourish in the face of changing urban environments.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments on Fuzzy Sets Extensions)
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Open AccessArticle
Estimation of Marshall–Olkin Extended Generalized Extreme Value Distribution Parameters under Progressive Type-II Censoring by Using a Genetic Algorithm
by
Rasha Abd El-Wahab Attwa, Shimaa Wasfy Sadk and Taha Radwan
Symmetry 2024, 16(6), 669; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16060669 (registering DOI) - 29 May 2024
Abstract
In this article, we consider the statistical analysis of the parameter estimation of the Marshall–Olkin extended generalized extreme value under liner normalization distribution (MO-GEVL) within the context of progressively type-II censored data. The progressively type-II censored data are considered for three specific distribution
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In this article, we consider the statistical analysis of the parameter estimation of the Marshall–Olkin extended generalized extreme value under liner normalization distribution (MO-GEVL) within the context of progressively type-II censored data. The progressively type-II censored data are considered for three specific distribution patterns: fixed, discrete uniform, and binomial random removal. The challenge lies in the computation of maximum likelihood estimations (MLEs), as there is no straightforward analytical solution. The classical numerical methods are considered inadequate for solving the complex MLE equation system, leading to the necessity of employing artificial intelligence algorithms. This article utilizes the genetic algorithm (GA) to overcome this difficulty. This article considers parameter estimation through both maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. For the MLE, the confidence intervals of the parameters are calculated using the Fisher information matrix. In the Bayesian estimation, the Lindley approximation is applied, considering LINEX loss functions and square error loss, suitable for both non-informative and informative contexts. The effectiveness and applicability of these proposed methods are demonstrated through numerical simulations and practical real-data examples.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical Analysis and Its Applications from Decision Theory to Extreme Values)
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Open AccessArticle
Estimation of Pointing Errors of Large Radio Telescopes under Solar Radiation Based on Digital Twin
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Shanxiang Wei, Deqing Kong, Binlan Wang, Lianbo Fu, Wenrong Xiao, Zongming Yin, Yongxiang Li and Zhouzhou Xiao
Symmetry 2024, 16(6), 668; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16060668 (registering DOI) - 29 May 2024
Abstract
The pointing accuracy of large radio telescopes is affected by antenna structure errors, installation errors, servo errors, gravity, and varying environmental factors. Although an on-line pointing model had been developed in the past for several large radio telescopes to correct these effects, it
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The pointing accuracy of large radio telescopes is affected by antenna structure errors, installation errors, servo errors, gravity, and varying environmental factors. Although an on-line pointing model had been developed in the past for several large radio telescopes to correct these effects, it is also valuable to explore new ways to correct these effects. Therefore, in order to estimate the dynamic pointing error of large radio telescopes under solar radiation, a new way based on digital twin (DT) is used in this paper. Digital models of the Wuqing 70-m radio telescope (WRT70) are created based on the DT operational framework. Finally, the reliability of the WRT70’s DT system is verified, and the dynamic pointing error of WRT70 (staying at the position of the elevation angle of 90° and the azimuth angle of 180°) on two sunny days in different seasons is estimated by the created DT system. The research results show that the pointing error of large radio telescopes under solar radiation fluctuates greatly and the seasonal differences are very striking. The maximum elevation pointing error of WRT70 under solar radiation around the winter solstice is over 40 arcsec, which is equal to 4/11 of the beam width for WRT70 operating at 8 GHz. In this paper, it is feasible to estimate the time-varying pointing errors of large radio telescopes at rest under solar radiation by constructing a DT system, but it is not effective to estimate the dynamic pointing errors of large radio telescopes in operation. It is expected to establish a dynamic pointing error model and calibrate the dynamic pointing errors of large radio telescopes in operation by DT technology in the future.
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(This article belongs to the Section Physics)
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Open AccessArticle
Numerical Solution for the Heat Conduction Model with a Fractional Derivative and Temperature-Dependent Parameters
by
Rafał Brociek, Edyta Hetmaniok and Damian Słota
Symmetry 2024, 16(6), 667; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16060667 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
This paper presents the numerical solution of the heat conduction model with a fractional derivative of the Riemann–Liouville type with respect to the spatial variable. The considered mathematical model assumes the dependence on temperature of the material parameters (such as specific heat, density,
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This paper presents the numerical solution of the heat conduction model with a fractional derivative of the Riemann–Liouville type with respect to the spatial variable. The considered mathematical model assumes the dependence on temperature of the material parameters (such as specific heat, density, and thermal conductivity) of the model. In the paper, the boundary conditions of the first and second types are considered. If the heat flux equal to zero is assumed on the left boundary, then the thermal symmetry is obtained, which results in a simplification of the problem and the possibility of considering only half the area. The numerical examples presented in the paper illustrate the effectiveness and convergence of the discussed computational method.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Analytical and Numerical Methods for Fractional Initial and Boundary Value Problems with Symmetry/Asymmetry)
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Open AccessArticle
The Thermoelastic Dynamic Response of a Rod Due to a Moving Heat Source under the Fractional-Order Thermoelasticity Theory
by
Fengjun Liu, Pengjie Shi and Ying Guo
Symmetry 2024, 16(6), 666; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16060666 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
In this paper, the thermoelastic behavior of a rod made of an isotropic material under the action of a moving heat source was investigated using a new theory of thermoelasticity related to fractional-order time with two relaxation times. A mathematical model of the
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In this paper, the thermoelastic behavior of a rod made of an isotropic material under the action of a moving heat source was investigated using a new theory of thermoelasticity related to fractional-order time with two relaxation times. A mathematical model of the one-dimensional thermoelasticity problem was established based on the new thermoelasticity theory. We considered the symmetry of the material, and the fractional-order thermoelasticity control equation was given. Subsequently, the control equations were solved and analyzed using the Laplace transform and its inverse transform. This study examined the effects of fractional-order parameters, time, two thermal relaxation times, and the speed of movement of the heat source on the displacement, temperature, and stress distribution patterns in the rod.
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(This article belongs to the Section Engineering and Materials)
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Open AccessArticle
A Note on the Application of the Double Sumudu–Generalized Laplace Decomposition Method and 1+1- and 2+1-Dimensional Time-Fractional Boussinesq Equations
by
Hassan Eltayeb and Said Mesloub
Symmetry 2024, 16(6), 665; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16060665 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
The current paper concentrates on discovering the exact solutions of the singular time-fractional Boussinesq equation and coupled time-fractional Boussinesq equation by presenting a new technique known as the double Sumudu–generalized Laplace and Adomian decomposition method. Here, two main theorems are addressed that are
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The current paper concentrates on discovering the exact solutions of the singular time-fractional Boussinesq equation and coupled time-fractional Boussinesq equation by presenting a new technique known as the double Sumudu–generalized Laplace and Adomian decomposition method. Here, two main theorems are addressed that are very useful in this work. Moreover, the mentioned method is effective in solving several problems. Some examples are presented to check the precision and symmetry of the technique. The outcomes show that the proposed technique is precise and gives better solutions as compared to existing methods in the literature.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Discussion of Properties and Applications of Integral Transform)
Open AccessArticle
A Ciphertext Reduction Scheme for Garbling an S-Box in an AES Circuit with Minimal Online Time
by
Xu Yan, Bin Lian, Yunhao Yang, Xiaotie Wang, Jialin Cui, Xianghong Zhao, Fuqun Wang and Kefei Chen
Symmetry 2024, 16(6), 664; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16060664 - 28 May 2024
Abstract
The secure computation of symmetric encryption schemes using Yao’s garbled circuits, such as AES, allows two parties, where one holds a plaintext block m and the other holds a key k, to compute without
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The secure computation of symmetric encryption schemes using Yao’s garbled circuits, such as AES, allows two parties, where one holds a plaintext block m and the other holds a key k, to compute without leaking m and k to one another. Due to its wide application prospects, secure AES computation has received much attention. However, the evaluation of AES circuits using Yao’s garbled circuits incurs substantial communication overhead. To further improve its efficiency, this paper, upon observing the special structures of AES circuits and the symmetries of an S-box, proposes a novel ciphertext reduction scheme for garbling an S-box in the last SubBytes step. Unlike the idea of traditional Yao’s garbled circuits, where the circuit generator uses the input wire labels to encrypt the corresponding output wire labels, our garbling scheme uses the input wire labels of an S-box to encrypt the corresponding “flip bit strings”. This approach leads to a significant performance improvement in our garbling scheme, which necessitates only ciphertexts to garble an S-box and a single invocation of a cryptographic primitive for decryption compared to the best result in previous work that requires ciphertexts to garble an S-box and multiple invocations of a cryptographic primitive for decryption. Crucially, the proposed scheme provides a new idea to improve the performance of Yao’s garbled circuits. We analyze the security of the proposed scheme in the semi-honest model and experimentally verify its efficiency.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Symmetric Cryptography)
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Characterizations of Minimal Dominating Sets in γ-Endowed and Symmetric γ-Endowed Graphs with Applications to Structure-Property Modeling
by
Sakander Hayat, Raman Sundareswaran, Marayanagaraj Shanmugapriya, Asad Khan, Venkatasubramanian Swaminathan, Mohamed Hussian Jabarullah and Mohammed J. F. Alenazi
Symmetry 2024, 16(6), 663; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16060663 - 27 May 2024
Abstract
Claude Berge (1987) introduced the concept of k-extendable graphs, wherein any independent set of size k is inherently a constituent of a maximum independent set within a graph . Graphs possessing the property of being
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Claude Berge (1987) introduced the concept of k-extendable graphs, wherein any independent set of size k is inherently a constituent of a maximum independent set within a graph . Graphs possessing the property of being 1-extendable are termedas Berge graphs. This introduction gave rise to the notion of well-covered graphs and well-dominated graphs. A graph is categorized as well-covered if each of its maximal independent sets is, in fact, a maximum independent set. Similarly, a graph attains the classification of well-dominated if every minimal dominating set (DS) within it is a minimum dominating set. In alignment with the concept of k-extendable graphs, the framework of -endowed graphs and symmetric -endowed graphs are established. In these graphs, each DS of size k encompasses a minimum DS of the graph. In this article, a study of -endowed dominating sets is initiated. Various results providing a deep insight into -endowed dominating sets in graphs such as those characterizing the ones possessing a unique minimum DS are proven. We also introduce and study the symmetric -endowed graphs and minimality of dominating sets in them. In addition, we give a solution to an open problem in the literature. which seeks to find a domination-based parameter that has a correlation coefficient of with the total -electronic energy of lower benzenoid hydrocarbons. We show that the upper dominating number studied in this paper delivers a strong prediction potential.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Graph Theory)
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