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Design optimization is a computational tool that can enable a designer to investigate the effectiveness of a design concept in an organized format. However, this design process requires the design variables, constraints, and objective function to be properly defined and expressed in mathematical forms. Post-optimality analysis thus becomes a necessary step to investigate different variations in the problem formulation and parameters to ensure that optimization produces a stable and trustworthy outcome. One efficient way to achieve this aim is to compute the local derivative of the optimized objective function with respect to the optimization problem parameters, such as bounds on the constraints and the material properties in the state equation. This method is referred to as post-optimality sensitivity analysis. In this study, we derived the post-optimal sensitivity equation to explicitly include the derivatives of state variables with respect to problem parameters and to broaden its applications to minimax and goal attainment design optimization problems. Full article

22 pages, 6506 KB

Open AccessArticle

Time-Engineered Hydrothermal Nb₂O₅ Nanostructures for High-Performance Asymmetric Supercapacitors

by Rutuja U. Amate, Mrunal K. Bhosale, Aviraj M. Teli, Sonali A. Beknalkar, Hajin Seo, Yeonsu Lee and Chan-Wook Jeon

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(3), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16030173 - 27 Jan 2026

Abstract

Precise control over nanostructure evolution is critical for optimizing the electrochemical performance of pseudocapacitive materials. In this work, Nb₂O₅ nanostructures were synthesized via a time-engineered hydrothermal route by systematically varying the reaction duration (6, 12, and 18 h) to elucidate its influence on structural development, charge storage kinetics, and supercapacitor performance. Structural and surface analyses confirm the formation of phase-pure monoclinic Nb₂O₅ with a stable Nb⁵⁺ oxidation state. Morphological investigations reveal that a 12 h reaction time produces hierarchically organized Nb₂O₅ architectures composed of nanograin-assembled spherical aggregates with interconnected porosity, providing optimized ion diffusion pathways and enhanced electroactive surface exposure. Electrochemical evaluation demonstrates that the NbO-12 electrode delivers superior pseudocapacitive behavior dominated by diffusion-controlled Nb⁵⁺/Nb⁴⁺ redox reactions, exhibiting high areal capacitance (5.504 F cm⁻² at 8 mA cm⁻²), fast ion diffusion kinetics, low internal resistance, and excellent cycling stability with 85.73% capacitance retention over 12,000 cycles. Furthermore, an asymmetric pouch-type supercapacitor assembled using NbO-12 as the positive electrode and activated carbon as the negative electrode operates stably over a wide voltage window of 1.5 V, delivering an energy density of 0.101 mWh cm⁻² with outstanding durability. This study establishes hydrothermal reaction-time engineering as an effective strategy for tailoring Nb₂O₅ nanostructures and provides valuable insights for the rational design of high-performance pseudocapacitive electrodes for advanced energy storage systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry at Nanoscale)

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10 pages, 444 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Effects of the Sequence of Empiric Beta-Lactam and Vancomycin Administration on Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Bloodstream Infection: A Systematic Review

by Abdulmajeed Alsuwaylihi, Abdulmajeed M. Alshehri and Majed S. Al Yami

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(3), 1024; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15031024 - 27 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Beta-lactam antibiotics (BLAs) and vancomycin have remained the cornerstones of therapy for serious bacterial infections, especially bloodstream infections (BSIs). The clinical impact of administering BLAs before vancomycin on outcomes remains unclear and poorly synthesized. Therefore, this systematic review aims to synthesize the available evidence on the impact of the relative timing of BLA administration to vancomycin initiation on important clinical outcomes in patients with BSIs. Methods: A comprehensive search was performed to retrieve clinical studies that evaluated the impact of the sequence of BLA and vancomycin administration on clinical outcomes. Beta-lactam–first group (BLF) included patients who received a BLA before vancomycin, while vancomycin–first group (VF) included patients who received vancomycin prior to BLAs. The systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Results: A total of three retrospective observational studies were included, with a sample size of 29,005 patients, with 24,356 patients in the BLF and 4649 patients in the VF. One study reported that prioritizing BLAs over vancomycin resulted in a 52% reduction in 7-day mortality (adjusted OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.33–0.69) and a 55% reduction in 48 h mortality (adjusted OR: 0.45; 95% Cl, 0.24–0.83). Similarly, another study found the BLF strategy was associated with a modest reduction in in-hospital mortality (adjusted OR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.80–0.99). However, no difference was found in the most recent small, single-institution study that included patients with BSIs. Conclusions: The evidence suggests a potential survival benefit for the BLF strategy over VF in patients with suspected or confirmed BSIs. Larger prospective studies are required to confirm the findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sepsis and Organ Dysfunction: New Insights into Diagnosis and Treatment)

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11 pages, 5936 KB

Open AccessArticle

New Insights into Diversity of Myanmarinidae (Hyenoptera: Apocrita), with Description of Two New Species from Mid-Cretaceous Myanmar Amber

by Zixiaocheng Wang, Yan Zheng, Alexandr P. Rasnitsyn, Ning Jia, Wenqian Wang, Liran Wang, Yaning Zhang and Feilong Zhao

Insects 2026, 17(2), 147; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020147 - 27 Jan 2026

Abstract

Two new species assigned to the genus Myanmarina of the family Myanmarinidae are described and figured from male specimens preserved in Upper Cretaceous ambers from the Hukawng Valley of northern Myanmar. Myanmarina simplex sp. nov. can be distinguished by a small head, 13-segmented antennae, the first flagellomere equal to the second one in length and protibiae with a bifurcated spur. Myanmarina grandis sp. nov. is established based on a large head, 11-segmented antennae, the first flagellomere shorter than the second one and all tibiae with a spur and dorso-apical tooth. In addition, the key to known species of Myanmarina was updated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fossil Insects: Diversity and Evolutionary History)

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20 pages, 4126 KB

Open AccessArticle

Field Analysis-Based Study on the Partition Characteristics of Biomass Gasification Process

by Lin Tian, Qi Wang, Haiyan Li and Huanhuan Ma

Energies 2026, 19(3), 663; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19030663 (registering DOI) - 27 Jan 2026

Abstract

Partitioning is an important characteristic of the biomass gasification process in a downdraft fixed-bed gasifier, so simulating the partition characteristics has practical guiding significance for revealing the essence of gasification reactions. In this paper, based on the real gasifier, a fluid-solid interfacial reaction method was proposed to simulate heterogeneous reactions based on a holistic gasification model. The partition characteristics, such as the boundary, position, step points, and area of zones, were explored and defined through analyzing the species concentration field, kinetic rate field of reactions, and temperature field. The results indicate that the partition characteristics of kinetic rate distributions are the root cause for zoning in fixed-bed gasification. On the center line of the fixed-bed gasifier, the change nodes of CO concentration tend to be consistent with the nodes of the high kinetic rate of reactions. These results provide a theoretical foundation for the online monitoring of and intervention in biomass gasification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prospects for Biomass Pyrolysis and Gasification Technologies into Bioenergy)

12 pages, 563 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Dosimetric Parameters in Radiation Pneumonitis: A Functional Approach in Adjuvant Treatment of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma

by Luca Dominici, Davide Franceschini, Mauro Loi, Ruggero Spoto, Antonio Marco Marzo, Beatrice Marini, Mariya Boyanova Ilieva, Nicola Lambri, Francesco La Fauci, Ciro Franzese and Marta Scorsetti

Cancers 2026, 18(3), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18030405 - 27 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive neoplasm, the major cause of which is asbestos exposure. Adjuvant radiotherapy after pleurectomy/decortication (P/D) aims at reducing locoregional recurrence but is limited by the risk of radiation pneumonitis (RP). In this study, we attempted to evaluate the predictive value of conventional and functional dosimetric parameters in assessing RP risk. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 68 patients with non-metastatic MPM treated with adjuvant radiotherapy after P/D. Dosimetric parameters, including V20, V5, and mean lung dose (MLD), were calculated for both total lung volume and functional lung volume (FLV), with emphysematous regions excluded based on CT imaging thresholds. Statistical analyses assessed correlations between these parameters and acute RP incidence. Results: Acute RP developed in 42% of patients, and 28% had moderate-to-severe (Grade 2–3) events. V20 and FCL_V20 were significantly associated with the risk of RP (p = 0.017 and p = 0.028, respectively). Predictive accuracy for conventional V20 (AUC = 0.668) and Functional Contralateral Lung V20 (FCL_V20) (AUC = 0.655) showed moderate efficacy, without further significant improvement in using functional parameters. A V20 threshold > 1.8% predicted severe RP with high specificity (89.8%). Conclusion: While functional lung delineation provides an alternative in dosimetry, conventional V20 is a robust predictor of RP. Optimization of dosimetric constraints, in an effort to reduce pulmonary toxicity in MPM patients, should be further combined with advanced radiotherapy techniques and biomarkers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radiation Therapy in Lung Cancer: From a Technical Revolution to a Combination with New Systemic Approaches (2nd Edition))

30 pages, 811 KB

Open AccessReview

The Natural History of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Scoping Review

by Alexandros Kalkanis, Theodoros Panou, Kostas Archontogeorgis and Paschalis Steiropoulos

Healthcare 2026, 14(3), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14030325 - 27 Jan 2026

Abstract

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder caused by recurrent upper airway obstruction during sleep, affecting individuals across the lifespan. In children, OSA commonly results from adenotonsillar hypertrophy and may resolve spontaneously or following surgical intervention. Among adolescents and adults, OSA is more frequently associated with modifiable lifestyle factors, particularly obesity. The natural history of OSA may evolve from intermittent snoring and mild disease to moderate or severe forms if left untreated, leading to reduced health-related quality of life and overall health deterioration. Early identification of OSA, especially in mild and moderate cases, allows timely interventions to improve OSA-associated indices and may prevent progression to severe disease. Continuous positive airway pressure therapy remains the treatment of choice for adults, providing effective symptom control and reducing long-term complications, although adherence rates vary. In obese patients, sustained weight reduction represents the most effective disease-modifying strategy: a ≥5% weight loss is associated with an approximately 80% reduction in progression risk, while bariatric surgery achieves remission in up to 60–65% of cases at one year. Emerging anti-obesity pharmacotherapies have also demonstrated clinically meaningful reductions in the apnea–hypopnea index. Comorbid conditions such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and depression exacerbate OSA severity, impair treatment response, and complicate overall disease management. This review uniquely integrates pediatric and adult longitudinal data, treatment-modified trajectories, and emerging therapeutic approaches to provide a life-course perspective on OSA natural history, highlighting opportunities for early, phenotype-directed intervention to possibly alter disease course and long-term outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep Disorders Management in Primary Care—Second Edition)

15 pages, 1396 KB

Open AccessArticle

Intelligent Fault-Tolerant Control for Wave Compensation Systems Considering Unmodeled Dynamics and Dead-Zone

by Zhiqiang Xu, Xiaoning Zhao, Zhixin Shen, Yingjia Guo and Yougang Sun

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14(3), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14030265 - 27 Jan 2026

Abstract

For marine development in harsh sea states, floating-body salvage equipment serves as critical support infrastructure. Aiming at the challenges of nonlinear dead-zone, model uncertainty, and actuator failures in the wave compensation systems of such equipment, this paper proposes an intelligent fault-tolerant control method based on neural networks. First, the dead-zone nonlinearity of the hydraulic system is compensated using an inverse model approach. Then, neural networks are employed to online learn unmodeled dynamics, while adaptive laws are designed to handle partial actuator failures and Lyapunov theory is used to prove the global stability of the closed-loop system, effectively enhancing the robustness and fault-tolerance of the wave compensation system under complex sea conditions. Unlike existing studies that rely on accurate system models, the proposed method integrates data-driven learning with model-based compensation. This integration enables adaptive handling of wave disturbances, model uncertainties, and actuator faults, thereby overcoming the strong model dependence and complex observer design inherent in traditional sliding-mode fault-tolerant control. Simulation and experiment results show that the method ensures high-precision dynamic tracking and compensation performance under various sea conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

15 pages, 2951 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Lytic Mosigvirus Phage (GADS24) from a Poultry-Farm Environment: Genome-Resolved Characterization and In Vitro Biocontrol-Relevant Phenotyping Against Escherichia coli

by Jehan Alrahimi, Ghadah Alsubhi, Alia Aldahlawi, Fatemah S. Basingab, Mohammed A. Imam, Hashim Felemban, Najwa Alharbi, Sana Alshaik, Hala S. Sonbol, Kawther Zaher and Esam I. Azhar

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(3), 1276; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031276 - 27 Jan 2026

Abstract

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli (E. coli) at the poultry–human interface motivates evaluating strictly lytic bacteriophages as targeted biocontrol candidates. A lytic E. coli phage (GADS24) was isolated from poultry waste in Saudi Arabia. Plaque formation and host range were assessed against 10 clinical E. coli isolates. Virion morphology was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Whole-genome sequencing (Illumina) and annotation (Prokka/RAST) were followed by comparative genomics (BLASTn 2.15.0, ANI JSpeciesWS: 2014–2025 Ribocon GmbH—Version: 5.0.3, dDDH GGDC: GGDC 3.0 and phylogenetic/proteomic analyses for taxonomic placement. GADS24 formed clear plaques and lysed 5 of 10 clinical E. coli isolates tested. TEM revealed an icosahedral capsid (~72.6 nm) and a contractile tail (~131.7 nm), consistent with Tevenvirinae/Mosigvirus morphology. The dsDNA genome is 168,896 bp (GC 43.8%) with 268 predicted ORFs and two tRNA genes (tRNA-Arg and tRNA-Met); no lysogeny-related genes were detected. The closest relative was Escherichia phage JN02 (98.44% ANI; 57.8% dDDH), supporting assignment to Mosigvirus while indicating a genome-resolved distinct lineage. The genome is available in GenBank (OQ703618). GADS24 represents a genome-resolved, strictly lytic Mosigvirus with in vitro biocontrol-relevant phenotyping against E. coli, supporting follow-up development for poultry-associated infection control and deeper phage–host interaction studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Bacteriophages)

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26 pages, 14340 KB

Open AccessArticle

Insights into the Landslide Processes by Hydrogeochemical and Isotopic Characterization: The Case Study of the Slano Blato Landslide (SW Slovenia)

by Galena Debevec Jordanova, Tjaša Kanduč, Polona Vreča and Timotej Verbovšek

Water 2026, 18(3), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/w18030318 - 27 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study evaluates the role of groundwater in the dynamics of the Slano blato landslide using hydrogeochemical and stable isotope data. Results show that deep groundwater inflow significantly affected the landslide behavior, as demonstrated by pronounced hydrogeochemical and isotopic differences among springs. Springs within the landslide differ markedly from those in similar geological settings of the Vipava Valley, indicating a distinct local groundwater system. Groundwater is present within the landslide body even during dry periods. Waters originate mainly from a higher karstic recharge area and flow through deep flysch strata, particularly fractured sandstones, where they become enriched in dissolved ions, especially K⁺ and SO₄²⁻, and show increased mineralization in the lower parts of the landslide. Saturation indices indicate slight oversaturation with calcite and dolomite and equilibrium with quartz for most samples, reflecting interaction with carbonates and flysch sandstones. Elevated sulphate concentrations and near-equilibrium conditions for mirabilite and thenardite suggest salt-related deterioration of landslide material, enhanced by evaporation. Stable isotope data (δ¹³C_DIC, δ¹⁸O, δ²H) indicate dominant carbonate recharge, meteoric origin, evaporation effects, and long-term water–rock interaction. This study highlights the need for additional isotope tracers, groundwater age indicators, seasonal monitoring, and on-site meteorological measurements to improve interpretation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Groundwater and Surface Water on the Natural Geo-Hazards, 2nd Edition)

19 pages, 1725 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bedtime Story to My Mother: Virgin Females Seek Love

by Marc Rhainds

Insects 2026, 17(2), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020146 - 27 Jan 2026

Abstract

The probability that female bagworms (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) are in mating time-in (live pheromone calling) was recorded in three bagworm species: Oiketicus kirbyi in a Costa Rican oil palm plantation in 1993–1994; Metisa plana in Malaysian oil palm plantations during five consecutive generations of bagworms in 1996; and Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis on ornamental trees in the Midwest United States. Because females entirely reproduce within their bag (mate attraction, copulation, and oviposition), it is possible to assess the mating success of time-out females (dead individuals from an ongoing generation that either mated or died as a lifelong virgin) and incidence of calling females that may or may not mate before death. Synchronous larval development and discrete (non-overlapping) generations imply a declining proportion of live calling females over time in all three bagworm species: ‘young’ calling females prevail in the early season as opposed to a majority of time-out (post-reproductive) females in the late season. Calling females are long-lived relative to males (one-day lifespan) and thus expected to mate as adults when abundance of males is high and/or female longevity exceeds three days. A low mating success of calling females is associated with extreme protogyny (early season male shortage; O. kirbyi in 1994) or late adult emergence in populations at the edge of the distribution range (T. ephemeraeformis at latitudes > 41° N in 2019). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 15th Anniversary of Insects—Advances in Insect Pest and Vector Management)

33 pages, 2557 KB

Open AccessArticle

Petrogenesis of the Monzonite in the Jiashan Area, Northern Jiangsu, China: Constraints from Whole-Rock Geochemistry and Zircon U–Pb Ages and Lu–Hf Isotopes

by Tao Kang, Duolikun Hainaer, Peng Zhu, Wei-Guo Zhang, Bostan Damla, Zhe-Ming Cao and Xiao-Qiang Liu

Minerals 2026, 16(2), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/min16020137 - 27 Jan 2026

Abstract

Recent discoveries of fluorite–barite deposits in the Donghai–Linshu area in northern Jiangsu Province, China, underscore the region’s mineral potential, yet detailed geological investigations remain limited. In this study, we examined monzonite and quartz monzonite from drill cores in the Jiashan mining area using petrography, U–Pb zircon dating, zircon trace element geochemistry, whole-rock geochemistry, and zircon Lu–Hf isotopes. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) zircon U–Pb analyses were conducted to constrain the crystallization ages of the monzonite (127.06 ± 0.54 Ma and 126.83 ± 0.75 Ma) and quartz monzonite (127.2 ± 0.5 Ma and 128.59 ± 0.62 Ma) to the Early Cretaceous, marking a significant magmatic event. Many of the zircons contain inherited Neoproterozoic cores (718–760 Ma and 800–860 Ma), indicating the assimilation of deep crustal materials of this age. The monzonite is metaluminous, with moderate SiO₂ (61.61–62.41 wt.%), high alkalis (Na₂O + K₂O = 7.48–7.92 wt.%), and A/CNK = 0.72–0.91. The quartz monzonite has higher SiO₂ (66.26–68.18 wt.%) and alkalis (8.32–9.33 wt.%). Both rock types exhibit similar trace and rare earth element patterns: enrichment in large-ion lithophile and light rare earth elements, depletions in Nb, Ta, and Ti, no significant Zr-Hf depletion, and weak negative Eu anomalies (δEu ≈ 0.84–1.00). Their low Zr + Nb + Ce + Y contents, Ga/Al ratios, and TFeO/MgO ratios indicate that they have an I-type granite affinity. The Early Cretaceous zircons have highly negative ε_Hf(t) values (−33.7 to −23.5) and ancient two-stage model ages (2622–3247 Ma), which are consistent with derivation from Archean crust. The inherited Neoproterozoic zircons have younger Paleo–Mesoproterozoic T_DM2 ages. The evidence suggests that both intrusions were mainly generated by partial melting of ancient Archean basement, with minor mantle input. The magma generation was likely triggered by crustal anatexis induced by the underplating of mantle-derived magmas in an extensional tectonic regime, coeval with Early Cretaceous magmatism in the Sulu orogen. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mineral Geochemistry and Geochronology)

24 pages, 6614 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Local Microclimate Conditions on Indoor Thermal Comfort: The Example of Historical Urban Structure Located in the Central Part of Lodz (Poland)

by Anna Dominika Bochenek, Katarzyna Klemm and Konrad Witczak

Energies 2026, 19(3), 662; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19030662 (registering DOI) - 27 Jan 2026

Abstract

Progressive climate change and building morphology influence the specific microclimate of built-up areas. This has a fundamental role in research on energy use and thermal comfort inside buildings. Most studies using data for dynamic energy simulation are based on information collected at meteorological stations in rural areas. This can lead to erroneous predictions. The main goal of the study was to combine two simulation tools—ENVI-met for microclimate predictions around historical building layouts, and DesignBuilder for assessing indoor comfort. Illustrating the impact of input data on simulation results was conducted using three types of weather data: (1) from a field campaign, (2) from a suburban station, and (3) from the typical meteorological year. The obtained results confirm that the highest precision was achieved in analyses where information obtained at a real scale in the city centre was used as boundary conditions (field measurements: MAPE = 0.6 °C, RMSE = 0.7 °C). The next step was to estimate the thermal sensations inside the living room of the existing residential building. Thermal comfort was determined using the operative temperature as an indicator. Incorporating realistic urban weather inputs enhanced the reliability of indoor comfort modelling and provided a more accurate basis for planning thermal resilience in historic residential buildings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Ultra-Low-Energy-Consumption and Zero-Energy Buildings in Response to Climate Change: 2nd Edition)

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27 pages, 5905 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Series of Tanshinone Derivatives Through Scaffold Hopping for Treating Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)

by Lan-Xin Zhou, Zheng-Yu Shu, Heng Li, Hui Zhong, Dou-Nan Xu, Lei Tang, Chu-Jiao Hu, Cheng Luo and Huan Xiong

Molecules 2026, 31(3), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030446 - 27 Jan 2026

Abstract

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most prevalent cancer types and accounts for the majority of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Tanshinone and its derivatives exhibit diverse biological activities, and their prominent antitumor potential has been well documented. In this study, we rationally designed a series of tanshinone derivatives with a scaffold-hopping strategy. Thirty-five tanshinone derivatives were synthesized, and their cytotoxic activities against the NSCLC cell lines A549 and H838 were investigated. Concurrently, their safety profile was assessed in BEAS-2B cells. The results showed that compounds S2-1, S2-4, and S2-8 exhibited superior inhibitory activity against A549 cells compared with the positive control, β-lapachone. Meanwhile, compounds S2-1, S2-3, S2-4, S2-8, S2-13, and S2-14 exhibited similar or increased antiproliferation activity against H838 cells. Compounds S2-4 (0.58 ± 0.07 μM) and S2-8 (0.42 ± 0.04 μM) demonstrated the greatest potency towards H838 cells; compounds S2-13 (1.28 ± 0.13 μM) and S2-14 (1.80 ± 0.24 μM) exhibited potent and selective activity towards H838 cells. Molecular docking studies of S2-4/NLRP3 and S2-14/STAT3, combined with the structure–activity relationship (SAR) analysis, indicated that the benzofuran core containing an ortho-quinone, along with an amide linkage and a 1,2,3-triazole group introduced at the C-2 position of the furan ring, is an effective chemical scaffold for enhancing the anti-NSCLC activity of tanshinone derivatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antitumor Bioactive Compounds: Synthesis, Extraction and Evaluation)

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14 pages, 17221 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Scalable Magnetic Field Mapping Approach for Pouch-Type Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Luiz G. C. Melo and Chun H. Law

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 1294; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16031294 - 27 Jan 2026

Abstract

Ensuring safety in energy storage systems increasingly relies on advanced diagnostic tools, among which magnetic field mapping plays a critical role. This work aims to develop and validate a high-sensitivity magnetic field sensor array for accurate field mapping and preliminary battery diagnostics. We present a 4 × 4 array of magnetic sensors integrated with a calibration procedure to ensure accurate output. The system was experimentally tested by characterizing the magnetic field generated by two planar copper conductors. Finite element simulations were performed for comparison and validation. Experimental measurements exhibited strong agreement with the simulation results, confirming the reliability of the sensor array. Next, the system was employed to map the magnetic field distribution of a pouch-type lithium-ion battery, demonstrating its capability for noninvasive diagnostics. Although this study focuses on magnetic field measurement rather than direct battery diagnosis, the results suggest that the proposed system—capable of measuring magnetic fields in batteries operating under normal conditions—could also perform these measurements under abusive conditions, thereby enabling diagnostic assessments. The proposed sensor array provides a scalable and precise solution for low-intensity magnetic field mapping, with potential applications in battery health monitoring and safety assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Science and Technology)

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