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Raspberry ketone (RK) is the primary aromatic compound in raspberry fruit, which is widely utilized in perfume, cosmetics, and food additive industries. Currently, RK is predominantly produced chemically. RK biosynthesis through enzyme or whole cell has garnered significant attention due to the mild reaction conditions and the process being regarded as ‘natural’. This study proposed a ‘dual-microorganism, two-phase’ stepwise cascade strategy to produce RK from an economical precursor, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (4-HBD). An acetone-tolerant deoxyribose-phosphate aldolase DERA_Ec (S238D) mutant was obtained through a site-specific rigidification strategy for converting 4-HBD to 4-hydroxybenzylaceton (4-HBA). Then, an engineered E. coli co-expressing isocitrate dehydrogenase and raspberry ketone synthase RiRZS1 with a citrate-sodium citrate buffer to recycle nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) was constructed for the conversion of 4-HBA to RK. The final concentration of RK was 50.00 ± 1.92 mmol·L⁻¹ with a yield of 86.96%. This strategy provides a scalable coenzyme self-recycling and two-phase catalysis platform for high-value phenolic compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biocatalysis)

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10 pages, 898 KB

Open AccessReview

Should I Target the Blood Pressure from the Arterial Line or the Cuff? A Practical Approach for Dealing with Widely Discordant Measurements

by Nicholas Zamith, Christopher Walker, Timothy Scully, William J. Healy and Nicola Zetola

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(24), 8616; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14248616 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Blood pressure (BP) monitoring is essential in managing critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU), particularly for ensuring adequate end-organ perfusion in hypotensive states. Invasive arterial catheters and noninvasive oscillometric cuffs are often used together, but discrepancies between the two methods are common. These differences can arise from technical factors (e.g., transducer leveling, cuff size and placement, arterial waveform damping) as well as patient-related factors (e.g., vasoconstriction, arrhythmias, altered arterial compliance). This creates a clinical dilemma: which measurement best reflects the patient’s true perfusion pressure, and how should management be guided? This review offers a practical approach for addressing discrepancies between invasive and noninvasive BP measurements in adult hypotensive ICU patients, including those with shock requiring vasopressor support. Based on contemporary data, we propose that a difference greater than 10 mmHg in mean arterial pressure (MAP) between the two methods can serve as a pragmatic threshold to trigger structured evaluation, rather than a universal definition of clinical significance. MAP is prioritized as the key variable for assessing perfusion pressure. When a discrepancy is detected, clinicians are encouraged to integrate both measurements with clinical signs of hypoperfusion and to perform a systematic assessment of technical and physiologic contributors before deciding which value should guide treatment. We present a stepwise clinical decision-making algorithm that helps practitioners (1) recognize when a discrepancy is large enough to matter, (2) evaluate perfusion using bedside and laboratory markers, (3) identify technical or anatomic reasons for discordant readings, and (4) determine when more central arterial monitoring may be appropriate. By structuring the evaluation of discordant BP measurements, this approach aims to reduce the risk of unrecognized hypotension or overtreatment, support more consistent hemodynamic decision-making, and ultimately improve the management of critically ill, hypotensive patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cardiovascular Medicine)

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11 pages, 252 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sexual and Reproductive Health Empowerment in Rural Angola

by Joana Andrade, Sofia Campos, Eduardo Santos, Inês Figueiredo, Vitor Martins, Eugénia Matos, Ana Paula Cardoso and Manuela Ferreira

Sexes 2025, 6(4), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/sexes6040067 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: This study focused on a community located in Sumbe, in the Kwanza Sul province of Angola. The community’s limited resources significantly affect the healthcare of its residents. Local beliefs and traditions exacerbate this issue. Considering this scenario and a preliminary diagnosis by the research team, the Seigungo project aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a training programme with different health-related modules. The module addressed in this study focused on sexual and reproductive health. Methods: This exploratory, quantitative, observational before-and-after study employed a descriptive-correlational analysis with a sample of 30 participants (n = 30) who finished the training programme. Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM^® SPSS^® Statistics, version 29.0. Results: The sexual and reproductive health literacy module of the implemented training programme proved effective. Considering the results before the training, 53.3% of the health promoters presented inadequate literacy levels, and after the training this number decreased to only 3.3%. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that education and community engagement may significantly improve the levels of literacy in sexual and reproductive health, which may result in better health decisions and outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sexual and Reproductive Health, Sexual Medicine, and Psychosocial Remediation)

18 pages, 828 KB

Open AccessArticle

Implementing AI Chatbots in Customer Service Optimization—A Case Study in Micro-Enterprise

by Katarína Marcineková, Andrea Janáková Sujová and Rastislav Ďurica

Information 2025, 16(12), 1078; https://doi.org/10.3390/info16121078 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Digitalization, including the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) applications, is one of the key enablers of business agility in contemporary enterprises. Micro and small enterprises (MSEs) are increasingly expected to adopt scalable and cost-effective AI tools as part of their digital transformation. This study investigates the implementation of an AI-powered chatbot in a Slovak micro-enterprise operating an e-commerce platform, aiming to assess its effectiveness in automating customer service processes. Using a mixed-method case study approach, the research combines quantitative data on service performance (e.g., number of inquiries handled, response time, and automation rate) with qualitative insights from employee and customer feedback. The findings show that the chatbot significantly reduced staff workload and improved response speed and customer satisfaction. However, challenges were identified in handling ambiguous queries and maintaining empathetic communication in complex situations, underscoring the need for regular updates and human oversight. The study contributes to the limited empirical literature on AI integration in micro-enterprises and provides practical recommendations for MSEs seeking to enhance their operational efficiency through AI-driven tools without large-scale investments. These results offer a nuanced perspective on how even resource-constrained businesses can benefit from AI adoption when implementation is carefully aligned with their specific needs and capabilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI Tools for Business and Economics)

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18 pages, 3492 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Construction of a Visible Light-Driven LaFeO₃/Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ Heterojunction Photocatalyst Towards Removal of Tetracycline in Aquatic Environment

by Weifang Chen, Na Zhao, Shuo Zhang and Qiaoqiao Ma

Catalysts 2025, 15(12), 1147; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15121147 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

A LaFeO₃/Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ heterojunction photocatalyst composite was constructed for the removal of tetracycline (TC). The structure, morphology, and elemental composition of the composite were systematically characterized using tools such as XRD, SEM, and XPS. The results from characterization jointly verified the successful construction of a LaFeO₃/Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ heterojunction. UV–vis DRS analysis further revealed a narrowing of the optical bandgap from 3.29 eV to 2.24 eV, which enhanced visible-light absorption. Characterization via XPS identified the presence of Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ mixed valence states, while bismuth predominantly existed in the stable Bi³⁺ state. Under simulated sunlight (300 W xenon lamp) irradiation, the photocatalytic performance of LaFeO₃/Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ was systematically evaluated. The results demonstrated that the LaFeO₃/Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ composite achieved a removal efficiency of 95% for TC within 120 min, with a reaction rate constant of 0.023 min⁻¹. The construction of heterojunction greatly increased not only the removal efficiency but also the reaction rate. For instance, the first-order reaction rate constants of LaFeO₃/Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ were 3.8 and 4.7 times higher than those of pure LaFeO₃ and Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂. TC removal by the composite was affected by dosage, initial TC concentration, and pH of the water. The composite exhibited the best performance at a dosage of 1.6 g/L with a pH around 7–8 and an initial TC concentration less than 20 mg/L. Anions such as Cl⁻ and NO₃⁻ had minimal impact on its photocatalytic activity, whereas H₂PO₄⁻, humic acid, showed inhibitory effects. Free radical trapping experiments further confirmed that holes (h⁺) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) were the primary active species in the process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Photocatalytic Treatment of Pollutants in Water, 2nd Edition)

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34 pages, 3223 KB

Open AccessArticle

Targeted Liver Fibrosis Therapy: Evaluating Retinol-Modified Nanoparticles and Atorvastatin/JQ1-Loaded Nanoparticles for Deactivation of Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells

by Aya A. Ezzat, Salma N. Tammam, Ralf Weiskirchen, Sarah K. Schröder-Lange and Samar Mansour

Livers 2025, 5(4), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/livers5040063 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Liver fibrosis is a progressive pathological condition characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition, driven by activated hepatic stellate cells (aHSCs). Effective therapeutic strategies require targeting aHSCs and agents capable of reversing their activated phenotype. Methods: In this study, we developed chitosan nanoparticles loaded with atorvastatin (AS) and JQ1 and functionalized them with varying densities of retinol (Rt) to exploit aHSC targeting. Results: In vitro, Rt-NPs demonstrated enhanced uptake in GRX cells, with optimal performance observed at high Rt density (HRt-NPs). In vivo biodistribution in CCl₄-induced fibrotic and healthy mice revealed that LRt-NPs achieved superior hepatic accumulation in fibrotic livers compared to unmodified and HRt-NPs, underscoring the importance of optimal ligand density for targeting. Western blot analysis showed that treatment of GRX cells with Rt-AS-NPs and Rt-JQ1-NPs either individually or combined significantly reduced the expression of fibronectin, vimentin, and PDGFR-β, key markers of HSC activation, with combination therapy providing more significant effects. Conclusions: This work highlights the potential of Rt-chitosan NPs loaded with AS and JQ1 as an effective dual-drug system for targeted antifibrotic therapy, offering enhanced hepatic selectivity, improved safety, and potent aHSC deactivation. Full article

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15 pages, 1272 KB

Open AccessReview

Illness Among Mental Health Service Workers and Its Repercussions: A Scoping Review

by José Mateus Bezerra da Graça, José Adelmo da Silva Filho, Eslia Maria Nunes Pinheiro, Rosiane Davina da Silva, José Benedito dos Santos Batista Neto and Elisângela Franco de Oliveira Cavalcante

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(12), 1822; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22121822 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Various structural, organizational, and subjective factors contribute to psychological distress, exacerbated by adverse working conditions in mental health services and resulting in significant impacts on workers’ health. This study aims to map the existing literature on work-related factors and consequences associated with the illness of mental health service workers. A scoping review was conducted following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The review question was formulated based on the population, concept, and context framework. Searches were performed in eight electronic databases, and the findings were synthesized in synoptic tables. A total of 28 studies were included, addressing factors encompassing structural, organizational, and procedural aspects of the work environment, as well as social and relational elements involving the healthcare team, users, and their families, all contributing to workers’ illness. The main challenges identified include work overload, excessive working hours, inadequate physical infrastructure, insufficient supplies, understaffing, lack of managerial support, and exposure to physical, biological, chemical, and ergonomic risks. The analysis of work-related factors in mental health services reveals a concerning scenario of physical, emotional, and mental strain among professionals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Care Sciences)

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25 pages, 8864 KB

Open AccessArticle

Collaboration Mechanics with AR/VR for Cadastral Surveys—A Conceptual Implementation for an Urban Ward in Indonesia

by Trias Aditya, Adrian N. Pamungkas, Faishal Ashaari, Walter T. de Vries, Calvin Wijaya and Nicholas G. Setiawan

Geomatics 2025, 5(4), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/geomatics5040075 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Synchronous interactions from different locations have become a globally accepted modus of interaction since the COVID-19 outbreak. For centuries, professional cadastral survey activities always required an interaction modus whereby surveyors, neighboring landowners, and local officers were present simultaneously. During the systematic adjudication and land registration project in Indonesia, multiple problems in the land information systems emerged, which, up to date, remain unsolved. These include the presence of plots of land without a related title, incorrect demarcations in the field, and the listing of titles without a connection to a land plot. We argue that these problems emerged due to ineffective survey workflows, which draw on inflexible process steps. This research assesses how and how much the use of augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR) technologies can make land registration services more effective and expand collaboration in a synchronous and at distant manner (the so-called same time, different place principle). The tested cadastral survey workflows include the procedure for a first land titling, the one for land subdivision, and the updating and maintenance of the cadastral database. These are common cases that could potentially benefit from integrated uses of augmented and virtual reality applications. Mixed reality technologies using VR glasses are also tested as tools, allowing individuals, surveyors, and government officers to work together synchronously from different places via a web mediation dashboard. The work aims at providing alternatives for safe interactions of field surveyors with decision-making groups in their endeavors to reach fast and effective collaborative decisions on boundaries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Innovations in Geomatics: Celebrating a New Chapter—First Impact Factor and CiteScore Received)

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28 pages, 1699 KB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Extracellular Proteases and Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in the Pre-Metastatic Niche

by Gillian C. Okura, Alamelu G. Bharadwaj and David M. Waisman

Biomolecules 2025, 15(12), 1696; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15121696 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

The premetastatic niche (PMN) represents a specialized microenvironment established in distant organs before the arrival of metastatic cells. This concept has fundamentally altered our understanding of cancer progression, shifting it from a random event-driven process to an orchestrated one. This review examines the critical role of extracellular proteases in PMN formation, focusing on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), serine proteases, and cysteine cathepsins that collectively orchestrate extracellular matrix remodeling, immune modulation, and vascular permeability changes essential for metastatic colonization. Key findings demonstrate that MMP9 and MMP2 facilitate basement membrane degradation and the recruitment of bone marrow-derived cells. At the same time, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) promotes organ-specific hepatic PMN recruitment through neutrophil recruitment mechanisms. The plasminogen–plasmin system emerges as a master regulator through its broad-spectrum proteolytic activity and ability to activate downstream proteases, with S100A10-mediated plasmin generation providing mechanistic pathways for remote PMN conditioning. Neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G contribute to the degradation of anti-angiogenic proteins, thereby creating pro-metastatic microenvironments. These protease-mediated mechanisms represent the earliest interventional window in metastatic progression, offering therapeutic potential to prevent niche formation rather than treat established metastases. However, significant methodological challenges remain, including the need for organ-specific biomarkers, improved in vivo methods for measuring protease activity, and a better understanding of temporal PMN dynamics across different target organs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biological Factors)

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28 pages, 7110 KB

Open AccessArticle

New Dimethylpyridine-3-Carboxamide Derivatives as MMP-13 Inhibitors with Anticancer Activity

by Remigiusz Płaczek, Tomasz Janek, Małgorzata Strzelecka, Aleksandra Kotynia, Piotr Świątek and Żaneta Czyżnikowska

Molecules 2025, 30(24), 4662; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30244662 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

A series of dimethylpyridine-3-carboxamide derivatives was designed as potential, selective, non-zinc chelating inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13), and subsequently synthesized. The identity of the obtained compounds was confirmed by FT-IR, ¹H/¹³C NMR, and HR-MS methods. Fluorescence spectroscopy was applied to study the interaction of synthesized compounds with human serum albumin, providing insight into their potential transport properties in plasma. In parallel, the electronic properties and reactivity parameters relevant to enzyme binding of the designed molecules were analyzed using density functional theory. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations revealed the compounds to interact preferentially and stably within the S₁ pocket of MMP-13 via hydrogen bonds and π-stacking interactions. The calculated binding free energy confirmed the stability and persistence of the complexes during simulation, indicating a strong and specific recognition pattern. On the other hand, their affinity towards MMP-8 was considerably weaker, which is consistent with the predicted selectivity profile. In addition, the biological evaluation confirmed MMP-13 inhibition. Finally, in vitro tests revealed their cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Medicinal Potential Compounds—2nd Edition)

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3 pages, 171 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Prokop et al. Low Overlapping Point Cloud Registration Using Line Features Detection. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 61

by Miloš Prokop, Salman Ahmed Shaikh and Kyoung-Sook Kim

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(24), 3929; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17243929 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

There was an error in the original publication [...] Full article

22 pages, 6983 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bagging-PiFormer: An Ensemble Transformer Framework with Cross-Channel Attention for Lithium-Ion Battery State-of-Health Estimation

by Shaofang Wu, Jifei Zhao, Weihong Tang, Xuhui Liu and Yuqian Fan

Batteries 2025, 11(12), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11120447 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Accurate estimation of lithium-ion battery (LIB) state of health (SOH) is critical for prolonging battery life and ensuring safe operation. To address the limitations of existing data-driven models in robustness and feature coupling, this paper presents a new Bagging-PiFormer framework for SOH estimation. The framework integrates ensemble learning with an improved Transformer architecture to achieve accurate and stable performance across various degradation conditions. Specifically, multiple PiFormer base models are trained independently under the Bagging strategy to enhance generalization. Each PiFormer consists of a stack of PiFormer layers, which combines a cross-channel attention mechanism to model voltage–current interactions and a local convolutional feed-forward network (LocalConvFFN) to extract local degradation patterns from charging curves. Residual connections and layer normalization stabilize gradient propagation in deep layers, while a purely linear output head enables precise regression of the continuous SOH values. Experimental results on three datasets demonstrate that the proposed method achieves the lowest MAE, RMSE, and MAXE values among all compared models, reducing overall error by 10–33% relative to mainstream deep-learning methods such as Transformer, CNN-LSTM, and GCN-BiLSTM. These results confirm that the Bagging-PiFormer framework significantly improves both the accuracy and robustness of battery SOH estimation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Performance, Ageing, Reliability and Safety)

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16 pages, 3553 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

External Apical Root Resorption Following Orthodontic Treatment with Clear Aligners Versus Fixed Appliances: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Atanaz Darvizeh, José Antonio González Sánchez, Guillermo Doria Jaureguizar, Oriol Quevedo, Fernando de la Iglesia Beyme, Firas Elmsmari and Massimo Del Fabbro

Dent. J. 2025, 13(12), 580; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13120580 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Clear aligners (CAs) are a popular alternative to classical fixed appliances (FAs) for orthodontic treatment. This systematic review aimed to compare the external apical root resorption (EARR) in patients undergoing orthodontic therapy with either FAs or removable CAs. Methods: An electronic search was conducted to identify comparative studies. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and the ROBINS-I tool for non-RCTs. EARR at the following incisors was considered: maxillary central (MxC), maxillary lateral (MxL), mandibular central (MdC), and mandibular lateral (MdL). A random-effects meta-analysis was performed, and mean differences were estimated. Results: Ten studies (one RCT, two prospective, and seven retrospective studies) were included. Four had a low risk of bias, four had a moderate risk, and two had a serious concern. In total, 286 patients (1476 incisors) and 289 patients (1487 incisors) in the CA and FA groups were considered, respectively. The mean follow-up was 22.7 ± 9.9 (standard deviation) in the CA group and 22.5 ± 8.2 months in the FA group. The meta-analysis found that CAs caused significantly less EARR than FAs for all tooth types except for MdL. On a patient basis, the mean difference (MD) in favour of CAs ranged from −0.64 mm (95% CI (confidence interval): −0.90, −0.38 mm) for MxC to −0.26 mm (95% CI: −0.43, −0.09 mm) in MdC. Heterogeneity across studies was generally high, except for MdC cases. Conclusions: EARR at incisor teeth is generally lower using CAs compared to FAs. Further evidence-based studies are needed to confirm these results and understand the clinical relevance of such a difference. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthodontics and New Technologies: 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 621 KB

Open AccessReview

Integration Models for Delivering COVID-19 Vaccines Through HIV Services in Low-and Middle-Income Countries: A Scoping Review

by Nyanyiwe Masingi Mbeye, Roselyn Chipojola, Susan Banda, Prince Kaude, Aaron Mdolo, Charles Nwosisi and Sandra Mounier-Jack

Infect. Dis. Rep. 2025, 17(6), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/idr17060146 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains a major global public health issue. People living with HIV (PLHIV) are among the vulnerable groups facing a higher risk of severe outcomes. Combining COVID-19 vaccination with HIV services can improve access and utilization of the vaccine among PLHIV although effective methods of delivery are yet to be ascertained. We conducted a scoping review to identify and describe models for delivering COVID-19 vaccines through HIV care services in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: We used PRISMA-ScR guidelines to conduct the review. On 3rd and 4th February 2025, we searched PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE for studies on integrated COVID-19 vaccine delivery for PLHIV. Results: Three studies from sub-Saharan Africa reported call-back strategy, diverse partnership, and mixed service delivery models for implementing COVID-19 vaccination in HIV care services. Key strategies that were used included building capacity, generating demand, managing the supply chain, and involving stakeholders. The outcomes showed significant increases in vaccination coverage among PLHIV and reduced vaccine wastage. Conclusions: Integrating COVID-19 vaccination into HIV services is practical and effective in LMICs. It makes use of current infrastructure, partnerships, and local innovations. Full article

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31 pages, 992 KB

Open AccessArticle

Physical and Sensory Classroom Environment and Associations with Inclusive Education of Autistic Students in Chile: Construction, Validation and Results of a Teacher-Reported Scale

by Verónica Angulo De la Fuente, Carolina Urbina, Verónica López, Ignacio Montero and Felipe Escobar-Astudillo

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1635; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15121635 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

A positive learning environment is related not only to student outcomes but also to inclusion of diverse learners. Although the literature on inclusive learning environments depicts physical and sensory elements as relevant, there is a need to improve measurements to include not only objective measures but also end users’ valuations of these elements. This study sought to construct and validate the Physical and Sensorial Classroom Environment Scale (PSCES) and understand, from teachers’ perspectives, the associations between classroom environment and inclusive educational indicators of autistic students in Chilean mainstream schools. The instrument’s validation process involved expert judges, a pilot test, and exploratory factor analysis with 197 Chilean teachers and education professionals. The second phase examined the relationship between physical and sensory classroom environment and indicators of inclusive education—permanence in classroom, social interaction, learning progress, classroom well-being, and sense of belonging—among 123 autistic students in the first to fourth grade in mainstream schools. Results showed that the 34-item scale showed excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.945, McDonald’s ω = 0.936), with seven factors explaining 61% of the total variance. A significant positive correlation (r = 0.487, p < 0.001) was found between better classroom conditions and improved educational inclusion, suggesting that as the factors measured by the scale increased, the overall perception of inclusion also increased. The coefficient of determination (R² = 0.312) indicated that about 31% of variability in teachers’ perceptions of autistic educational inclusion was explained by classroom environment factors, particularly student agency and personalization, alternative arrangements, spatial organization, and sensory conditions. This study contributes to understanding how the physical and sensory classroom environment can foster educational inclusion for all learners, particularly for diverse autistic learners. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Architectural Education)

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