The New Generation from Biomembrane with Green Technologies for Wastewater Treatment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials and Blend Preparation
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
2.2.2. Mechanical Analysis
2.2.3. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
2.2.4. Biodegradation Test
2.2.5. Electrospinning Equipment
2.2.6. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Analysis
3.2. Mechanical Properties
3.3. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
3.4. Fiber Morphology by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
3.5. Biodegradability Test in Wastewater
3.6. Filtration Test
4. Conclusions
- The addition of PPC, PHB, and TEC led to an improvement in the elongation at break, therefore reducing the tensile strength of the films. The fine structure of many PPC particles combined in the PLLA matrix improved the mechanical properties with very large stretching deformation in the PLLA blends (285%) when compared with pure PLLA (6%). The additives led to changes in the Tg, Tcc, and Tm; therefore, the chain mobility increased.
- The biodegradability test of the PLLA blend film was investigated using SEM in wastewater. The degradation at the surface began after more than two months. Degraded surfaces were observed, and some pores with different sizes were found.
- The obtained fibers had a uniform, smooth morphology with a diameter between 500 nm and 3 µm, very small pores, and a fiber structure without beads. The electrospun nanofiber membranes can filter the nanosize and microsize element suspensions in wastewater. Using this method, liquid waste from the industry or home can be disposed of in a sustainable and economical way. Therefore, the PLLA biomembrane is a new solution to confirm clean water and preserve a sustainable environment in the future.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PLLA | PPC | PHB | TEC | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | blend 1 | 55 | 20 | 10 | 15 |
2 | blend 2 | 50 | 20 | 10 | 20 |
3 | blend 3 | 45 | 20 | 10 | 25 |
4 | blend 4 | 40 | 20 | 10 | 30 |
Pure PLLA | Blend 1 | Blend 2 | Blend 3 | Blend 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tg (°C) | 61 | 27 | 27 | 21 | 7 |
Tcc (°C) | 135 | 100 | 102 | 92 | 78 |
Tm (°C) from S.H. | 168 | 160 | 160 | 158 | 153 |
Tm (°C) from F.H. | 171 | 158.8 | 158.7 | 156.8 | 152.7 |
ΔHm (J/g) | 7.1 | 29 | 24 | 25 | 22 |
ΔHcc (J/g) | - | 14 | 11 | 7 | 9 |
Χ (%) | 8 | 23 | 20 | 30 | 25 |
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Mohamed El-hadi, A.; Alamri, H.R. The New Generation from Biomembrane with Green Technologies for Wastewater Treatment. Polymers 2018, 10, 1174. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10101174
Mohamed El-hadi A, Alamri HR. The New Generation from Biomembrane with Green Technologies for Wastewater Treatment. Polymers. 2018; 10(10):1174. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10101174
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohamed El-hadi, Ahmed, and Hatem Rashad Alamri. 2018. "The New Generation from Biomembrane with Green Technologies for Wastewater Treatment" Polymers 10, no. 10: 1174. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10101174