Investigation of Helium Behavior in RAFM Steel by Positron Annihilation Doppler Broadening and Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. RAFM Steels Irradiated to Different Fluences
- Region I: helium dissociated from surface;
- Region II: helium dissociated from HenVm clusters with n/m larger than 1.3;
- Region III: desorption of stable HevVm clusters with n/m of about 1.3;
- Region IV: α–γ transformation corresponding desorption;
- Region V: migration of helium bubbles.
3.2. RAFM Steels Irradiated at Different Temperatures
3.3. RAFM Steels Irradiated with Helium Ions with Different Energies
4. Conclusions
- A threshold fluence of 2 × 1020 m−2 He+ was observed, above which the rate of formation and growth of helium bubbles dramatically increased, which was ascribed to the limitation of concentration of small HenVm clusters when fluence is low.
- Irradiation at the relatively higher temperature could suppress the formation and growth of HenVm clusters with low binding energy and enhance that of helium bubbles and HenVm clusters with high binding energy.
- On increasing the irradiation temperature from 523 K to 723 K, the average n/m ratio of formed HenVm clusters got closer to 1.3: it became larger and S parameters decreased at shallow depth; in contrast, the n/m ratio became smaller and S parameters increased at deep depth.
- Irradiation of lower energy He+ enhanced the growth of HenVm clusters and helium bubbles. It resulted from the larger ratio of helium atoms and vacancies introduced by irradiation and loop punching for HenVm clusters with large n/m.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Si | P | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | W | C | S | N | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RAFM | 0.038 | 0.0074 | <0.005 | 0.25 | 9.09 | 0.48 | 2.34 | 0.097 | 0.0019 | 0.035 | Balance |
Specimen | Ion Specie | Energy (keV) | Fluence (m−2) | Temperature (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | He+ | 100 | 2 × 1019 | 523 |
S2 | 1 × 1020 | 523 | ||
S3 | 2 × 1020 | 523 | ||
S4 | 5 × 1020 | 523 | ||
S5 | 2 × 1021 | 523 | ||
S6 | 1 × 1020 | 723 | ||
S7 | 18 | 1 × 1020 | 523 |
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Shen, Z.; Guo, L.; Zhang, W.; Jin, S.; Cao, X.; Long, Y.; Wei, Y. Investigation of Helium Behavior in RAFM Steel by Positron Annihilation Doppler Broadening and Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy. Materials 2018, 11, 1523. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11091523
Shen Z, Guo L, Zhang W, Jin S, Cao X, Long Y, Wei Y. Investigation of Helium Behavior in RAFM Steel by Positron Annihilation Doppler Broadening and Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy. Materials. 2018; 11(9):1523. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11091523
Chicago/Turabian StyleShen, Zhenyu, Liping Guo, Weiping Zhang, Shuoxue Jin, Xingzhong Cao, Yunxiang Long, and Yaxia Wei. 2018. "Investigation of Helium Behavior in RAFM Steel by Positron Annihilation Doppler Broadening and Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy" Materials 11, no. 9: 1523. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11091523