Designs

Energy poverty (EP) is defined as a multidimensional phenomenon characterized by the inability of households to secure adequate, affordable, and reliable energy services. EP contributes to inequality and limits human development, making its mitigation essential for improving living standards and reducing structural socioeconomic disparities. Worldwide progress toward EP relief remains uneven, despite progress in electrification. In Latin America, high access rates mask persistent territorial and socioeconomic inequalities, where access does not always translate into adequate energy services. In Colombia, significant regional deprivations persist between province and intra-urban levels. Hence, this study designs and parameterizes public policy interventions for EP mitigation through a GIS-based multivariate analysis of EP in Bogotá. It integrates literature review and official data to construct multidimensional indicators, combined with geospatial techniques to identify spatial deficits and patterns. For Bogotá, results identify priority areas and suggest general guidelines for public policy interventions based on on-site renewable energy generation as a potential mechanism for alleviating household EP. Energy communities and aggregation strategies optimize investment, complexity and EP mitigation, whereas individual 2 kWp household systems allow 53.6% of households to offset their deficits, yielding annual benefits of 300–700 USD. Full article

Grid-forming doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) systems integrated with flywheel energy storage systems (FESSs), hereafter referred to as FESS-DFIG systems, must be designed to provide rapid frequency support while maintaining DC-link voltage stiffness and respecting rotor-speed limits under finite kinetic-energy reserves. This study presents a model-based engineering design and verification framework that allocates these coupled requirements between the grid-side converter (GSC) and the rotor-side converter (RSC). For the GSC, stator–rotor coupling terms derived from the dq model are implemented as load-current feedforward signals to reduce the transient power imbalance across the DC link. For the RSC, virtual synchronous control is combined with a sigmoid-based rotor-energy constraint whose minimum-speed limit, transition width, and shape coefficient serve as physically interpretable design parameters for balancing frequency support against mechanical protection. The resulting architecture replaces abrupt support withdrawal with a continuous transition from inertial response to rotor-speed recovery. MATLAB/Simulink verification under load disturbances shows that compared with the conventional feedback-only dual-loop PI controller under the same 0.2 p.u. step-load disturbance, the proposed load-current-feedforward design reduces the maximum DC-link voltage deviation by approximately 33%, suppresses the secondary frequency dip and power oscillations caused by hard-switching logic, and maintains the rotor speed at the prescribed safety boundary of 0.8 p.u. Tests under low and high kinetic-energy conditions further demonstrate stable operation without changing the overall control architecture. The proposed framework therefore provides a systematic design basis for integrating DC-link regulation, grid-forming response, and rotor-energy management in converter-interfaced wind-energy systems. Full article

The room-temperature deformation and fracture processes in polymeric (PLA and PA12) samples with an antichiral interior design have been studied through computer simulation and experimental research. The samples were printed by two different methods: FDM and SLS. ANSYS software was utilized to simulate the compression deformation process. The simulation showed that the Poisson ratio of the studied 3D model samples did not depend on the chemical composition and was close to zero under compression. It was found that under the same load, the von Mises stresses in the polylactic acid (PLA) sample were almost twice as high as in the polyamide 12 (PA12) sample structure, which was associated with the different mechanical properties of the initial material. Maximum von Mises stresses were observed in the cylindrical region of the bottom part of the sample. The room-temperature compression experiments revealed that the deformation process of the samples with the antichiral design occurs layer by layer. Room-temperature superelasticity effects associated with both viscoelastic relaxation of the cellular antichiral design and phase transition were found in the 3D-printed PA12 thermoplastic polymeric sample; the sample was deformed up to 49% and recovered its shape after removing the load. The recovery coefficient (Rr) for the PA12 sample was 99 ± 1%. The shape-memory effect in the 3D-printed PLA sample was found when it was immersed in hot water at a temperature of 80 °C. Because the 3D-printed PLA sample was partially destroyed under compressive deformation, the recovery coefficient of the PLA sample for the temperature-induced shape-memory effect was 86%. The microscopy study (SEM) revealed the limitations of the FDM method for printing 3D objects with complex designs, such as antichiral ones. Unlike the SLS method, FDM printing does not provide a strong connection between the cylindrical and ligament parts of the antichiral design structure due to the fibril structure of the PLA filaments and the printing strategy used in FDM. Full article

Economic expansion is commonly accompanied by accelerated growth in electricity consumption. In this context, distribution networks play a fundamental role in delivering electricity to end users; however, they remain subject to technical losses. Among system components, power transformers are particularly relevant because, despite their high efficiency, they still generate significant losses due to continuous operation and their widespread presence throughout the electrical system. The literature addresses the relocation of distribution transformers as a strategy to minimize technical losses. However, the application of this approach to equipment installed in electrical substations remains less explored. Therefore, this study proposes an optimization model for reallocating a pool of existing power transformers among electrical substations, matching transformer rated capacities to substation demands to reduce technical losses and enhance energy efficiency. The research methodology involved the mathematical formulation of the problem, adopting the minimization of accumulated total cost as the objective function, which incorporates both technical losses and relocation costs. The model was applied to a case study using technical and operational data from power transformers commonly installed in HV/MV substations. The results demonstrate that the optimal relocation reduced transformer energy losses by approximately 5% over the 10-year planning horizon, generating net economic savings that exceeded the equipment relocation costs. The optimization model suggests adjustments in transformer allocation, aligning loading levels with more appropriate operating ranges and thereby increasing transformer efficiency. Consequently, the proposed approach provides an engineering design-oriented decision-support method for optimizing transformer allocation, contributing to more energy-efficient and economically effective substation planning. Full article

BOOLE is a four-face educational platform integrating analog, combinational-logic, and sequential-logic activities with optional AI-assisted component identification and datasheet support. The system was developed through requirements translation, circuit simulation, two-layer PCB design, mechanical review, fabrication, assembly, functional verification, and iterative refinement. A Raspberry Pi 5, Camera Module 3 NoIR, and touchscreen support image capture and local interaction, while an Arduino Mega provides deterministic control of the physical learning faces. Segmented power energizes only the selected face and activity, and removable boards improve maintenance and fault isolation. Hardware demonstrations reproduced the intended voltage-divider, diode threshold/polarity, counter, and sequential-logic states. Ten one-versus-rest classifiers were fine-tuned from a pretrained ViT-Base model using 2000 original photographs, with 200 images for each of ten categories. The dataset was partitioned class-wise into mutually exclusive 80/10/10 training, validation, and final-test sets before augmentation, which was applied only to training data. Final-test accuracy ranged from 91.0% to 99.5%, with precision, recall, F1-score, specificity, balanced accuracy, and confusion matrices also evaluated. A 73-student pilot produced 89–96% positive (Yes) responses across six binary survey items, providing preliminary evidence of learner-perceived effectiveness, engagement, usability, and theory-to-practice support. Overall, BOOLE demonstrates a feasible, serviceable architecture for progressive electronics education. Full article

The development of 4D-printing technology enables the fabrication of smart structures capable of transforming in response to external stimuli, offering potential for future minimally invasive biomedical applications. This study explores a direct 4D-printing approach for producing thermally actuated polylactic acid (PLA) components, focusing on self-expanding vascular stent prototypes. Unlike conventional 4D printing, which typically requires a separate post-printing programming step (e.g., heating, mechanical loading, cooling, and unloading), direct 4D printing embeds the programming phase directly into the layer-wise printing process by controlling the adjustment of process parameters, so that components are ready for shape transformation immediately after fabrication. A systematic experimental workflow was applied by combining a problem-solving methodology with action research and structured experimentation to identify and optimize the key parameters governing shape-shifting behavior. Bilayer plate structures were fabricated via fused filament fabrication (FFF) using multiple PLA material combinations and were thermally actuated under controlled conditions to characterize the influence of printing speed, printing temperature, and infill pattern on the magnitude and directionality of deformation. Building on these results, three functional demonstrators were developed, culminating in a grid-based cylindrical prototype that achieved approximately 5.8% radial expansion upon actuation at temperatures above 80 °C. Overall, the results suggest the fundamental technological feasibility of direct 4D printing as a manufacturing route for thermally actuated components, serving as a foundational proof-of-concept for future patient-specific, self-deploying medical devices. Full article

Accurate prediction of automotive aerodynamic wind noise is important for cabin comfort and early-stage styling, yet conventional CFD and wind-tunnel workflows are too expensive for rapid design iteration. This paper proposes a point cloud surrogate that combines farthest-point sampling with a Transolver-derived, physics-inspired slice-attention mechanism. Here, physics-inspired denotes a representation-level inductive bias; the model does not impose governing-equation residuals, conservation constraints, or physics-based losses. Exterior meshes are converted into 10,240-point geometric inputs and assembled into a controlled dataset of 867 sedan and SUV variants generated at 120 km/h and zero yaw. On the random test split, the model obtains RMSE values of 2.30 dB(A), 2.56 dB for SPL, and 0.0068 for the dimensionless articulation index (AI), with 0.80 s single-sample inference on an RTX 4090. Repeated-seed and grouped-split analyses indicate a favorable accuracy–latency trade-off while also showing a measurable performance decrease for held-out vehicle families. A single-vehicle wind-tunnel comparison confirms strong frequency-trend correlation but reveals a mean simulation over-prediction of 2.70 dB; therefore, the current surrogate should be interpreted primarily as an emulator of the simulation labels rather than a universally unbiased predictor of measured cabin noise. Full article

Individuals with post-stroke hemiplegia may experience difficulty performing independent nail care because conventional nail clippers require bilateral hand function, grip strength, and fine motor control. Despite its relevance to personal hygiene and independence, nail care remains underexplored in rehabilitation engineering. The aim of this study was to design and develop a user-centered electric nail clipper for individuals with post-stroke hemiplegia and evaluate the preliminary functional suitability of the finalized prototype under supervised conditions. A sequential mixed-methods, user-centered device-development study was conducted following ISO 9241-210 principles. Phase I involved 10 healthy volunteers who participated in semi-structured interviews and controlled prototype testing to identify preliminary operational, ergonomic, and safety considerations. Stroke-specific functional requirements were additionally informed by the clinical context, relevant literature, and subsequent evaluation in the intended user population. These inputs were translated into engineering requirements and four iterative prototype configurations, which were independently evaluated by a five-member multidisciplinary expert panel. In Phase II, the finalized prototype underwent supervised participant-based evaluation in 20 individuals with post-stroke hemiplegia. These participants constituted the same cohort previously reported in a randomized controlled trial; previously published comparative clinical outcomes were not analyzed as new findings in the present study. Five principal functional considerations informed prototype development: one-handed stabilization, reduced operating effort, controlled nail reduction, operational safety, and practical device handling and debris management. The finalized design incorporated a stabilized triangular tabletop structure, silicone suction base, motor-driven rotary filing mechanism, adjustable operating speed, removable buffing head, debris-collection compartment, LED illumination, and rechargeable power. Prototype 4 received the highest overall expert rating (mean = 4.43, SD = 0.48) and was selected for participant-based evaluation. Under short-term supervised conditions, participants with post-stroke hemiplegia were able to perform one-handed nail care using the finalized prototype, with no device-related adverse events or malfunctions observed. The study demonstrates a structured user-centered pathway for translating functional and contextual requirements into an assistive nail-care device for individuals with post-stroke hemiplegia. The finalized prototype showed preliminary functional suitability during short-term supervised use; however, these findings do not establish comparative clinical effectiveness, long-term safety, or performance during unsupervised use. Larger, longitudinal, and home-based studies incorporating objective performance measures and validated user-reported instruments are warranted. Full article

Aiming at the problem of flexible power supply for mobile tray-type loads such as electric vehicles in three-dimensional garage and mobile terminals in storage cabinets, a wireless power transfer system based on decentralized relay coils is proposed to realize the energy transmission between the vertical source end and the horizontal load end. The overall circuit design of the system is introduced. The equivalent circuit model based on the decentralized relay coils is developed. The parameters of compensation circuits for multiple loops are designed. The characteristics of the mutual inductance between receiving coil and the horizontal relay coil varying with the receiver offset is studied. The influence of mutual inductance and load change on the output characteristics of the system is further analyzed. Finally, the experimental prototype is built to verify the effectiveness of the proposed system. Through the decentralized relay coils proposed in this paper, the wireless power transfer between the vertical transmitting coil at the source side and the horizontal receiving coil at the load side is realized. The maximum receiving power is 313.4 W, while the DC-DC efficiency of the system is 91.2%. Full article

Individuals with lower-limb mobility impairment often experience fear of falling and difficulty coordinating with caregivers during transfer tasks. Therefore, safe, stable, and easy-to-operate collaborative transfer assistive equipment is urgently needed. This study proposes a Health Belief Model-driven design method for transfer assistive equipment, aiming to translate users’ risk perceptions and behavioral needs into implementable structural design strategies. First, transfer-related behavioral characteristics were analyzed according to the six constructs of the Health Belief Model. Second, the KJ method was used to classify original user requirements and establish a hierarchical requirement model, while the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process was applied to calculate requirement weights. Third, Quality Function Deployment and the House of Quality were used to transform user requirements into technical characteristics, through which four key technical contradictions were identified: anti-tipping stability versus lightweight design, status feedback versus process simplification, assistance and effort reduction versus lightweight design, and support-bearing capacity versus human–machine adaptability. Finally, structural optimization strategies were generated using TRIZ, and the proposed concept was preliminarily assessed through JACK digital human simulation and multi-stakeholder assessment at the conceptual design stage. The multi-stakeholder assessment further indicated that the proposed concept responded to requirements related to fall risk mitigation, injury protection, and perceived benefits, while adaptability for small-sized users, distal lower-limb support, and status-feedback mechanisms require further optimization. This study provides a traceable design process for incorporating users’ psychological and behavioral factors into structural innovation for assistive devices, thereby offering a methodological reference for the design of transfer assistive equipment. Full article

Flutter constrains the design of modern high-aspect-ratio wings, yet the combined influence of planform geometry, aspect ratio (AR) and structural flexibility is rarely assessed within a single consistent framework. This work presents a unified, physics-based reduced-order comparison of rectangular, trapezoidal and elliptical planforms under both rigid and flexible representations, intended as a screening tool for preliminary design rather than as a quantitatively predictive methodology for specific aircraft. A two-degree-of-freedom plunge–pitch typical section with quasi-steady (Theodorsen-based) aerodynamics is cast in state-space form, and flutter is identified through eigenvalue continuation by combined frequency coalescence and damping sign change. For rectangular and trapezoidal wings, increasing AR or reducing stiffness consistently advances flutter onset: at a fixed AR of 7.1, stiffening alone raises the critical speed by approximately 43 m/s (from 105 to 148 m/s, ≈+41%). In contrast, within the reduced-order model the elliptical planform inverts this trend: with sufficient stiffness, frequency coalescence is suppressed, and from the stiffened baseline (AR ≈ 4.75) raising AR to 5.6 keeps the wing flutter-free across the investigated velocity range, whereas lowering AR to 3.9 reintroduces hard flutter at 155 m/s. These model-based comparative tendencies indicate that AR and structural flexibility are strongly coupled design drivers and that elliptical loading is comparatively flutter-resistant, providing an efficient basis for early-stage configuration screening. Full article

Intrinsically self-sensing cementitious composites offer a promising basis for continuous structural health monitoring. Their electrical response, however, is strongly affected by reversible moisture change and freeze–thaw exposure. This study presents a computational proof-of-concept for the AI-driven design of a federated digital-twin architecture for damage identification and adaptive sensing in sustainable self-sensing cementitious infrastructure. The framework is developed and evaluated entirely in software on a physics-based synthetic testbed. At its present maturity, it is therefore a digital-twin precursor rather than an operational digital twin: it has no calibrated physical counterpart and no live, two-way data coupling, and no experimental validation is claimed. A transparent, physics-based signal generator produces fractional-change-in-resistance signals for twelve virtual CNT/biochar-functionalized LC3 and geopolymer specimens. Each passes through four progressive damage stages interleaved with wet–dry and freeze–thaw conditioning. The framework integrates a CNN-LSTM damage classifier, unsupervised domain adaptation, federated learning, reinforcement-learning-based active sensing, and quantum-inspired aggregation optimization. On three unseen virtual specimens (654 evaluation windows), the CNN-LSTM achieved 70.3% four-stage accuracy (95% Wilson confidence interval 66.7–73.7%) and a macro-F1 score of 0.650, with per-specimen accuracy ranging from 63.8% to 77.1%. It reached 85.2% (95% CI 82.3–87.7%) for the damaged-versus-undamaged decision and reduced environment-induced false alarms by 74.7% (95% CI 61.7–83.4%) relative to a calibrated threshold detector. Federated averaging was less accurate and less stable than centralized training; the 5.2 percentage-point gain from quantum-inspired aggregation lies within the resolution of the evaluation set and is not established as a real improvement. The active-sensing controller reduced measurement cost by 98.9% but detected only four of 27 damage-progression events. All sensing data are synthetic, and every interval reported here is recomputed from the evaluation counts already reported rather than obtained from additional experiments. The results therefore establish algorithmic feasibility only and identify the components requiring refinement before experimental validation. Full article

This paper proposes a process-mapped quality control framework for structural steel fabrication as a proof of concept for integrating normative requirements into a unified operational workflow. The study addresses the fragmentation of quality requirements in steel fabrication, where individual standards are often applied through separate inspections rather than as part of a coherent process model. The framework links material control, production preparation, assembly, welding, and anticorrosion protection through clearly defined quality gates. The framework is constructed through a qualitative design-oriented approach using SIPOC analysis and a detailed flowchart. It translates normative requirements into a coherent workflow that provides a structured basis for traceability, preventive quality assurance, and future integration with Construction 4.0. The paper suggests that process mapping can serve as a useful method for organizing quality control in steel construction projects and for transforming standards into an operational framework. Full article

3D printed lattices have efficient mechanics for wide-ranging engineering applications, especially biomedical domains. In bone tissue engineering, lattices constructed from unit cells enable tunable mechanics and tissue growth by altering unit cell beam diameters and porosity suitable for design personalization. Heterogeneously mixing unit cells throughout lattices is a promising tuning strategy; however, there remains a need for further systematic investigation linking design decisions to mechanical outcomes. In this study, biocompatible photopolymer resin is used to print Cube, BC (Body-Centered), and BC–Cube lattices with approximately 75% porosity. When tested in compression, these lattices have Elastic Moduli of 202 ± 5.4, 30 ± 1.6 MPa, and 97 ± 4.0 MPa, and yield stresses of 6.0 ± 0.11, 1.1 ± 0.07, and 3.1 ± 0.13 MPa, respectively. Heterogeneous lattices with Cube and BC unit cells in stochastic mixtures (25/75, 50/50, 75/25) and four deterministic layouts (Layers 0°, Layers 90°, Rows 0°, Rows 90°) with equally proportioned unit cells were also designed. Stochastic mixing produced a linear relationship between the Elastic Modulus and Cube unit cell proportion (R² = 0.98), consistent with a rule-of-mixtures. Deterministic heterogeneous layouts bypassed the rule-of-mixtures, with Elastic Moduli spanning 97.6 to 163.4 MPa, with select designs outperforming stochastic configurations. Findings demonstrate the merits of heterogeneous strategies to improve lattice designs, with suitability for biomedical applications. Full article

Ankle injuries may lead to severe complications, including chronic instability and reduced mobility. Rehabilitation therefore plays a critical role in restoring normal ankle function and preventing long-term impairment. However, conventional manual physiotherapy presents several limitations, such as limited availability of therapists, variability in treatment, and reduced accessibility for home-based rehabilitation. Consequently, significant research efforts have been devoted to the development of robotic and mechatronic devices for ankle rehabilitation. In this work, we propose the design of a simple and cost-effective parallel mechanism dedicated to ankle rehabilitation. The proposed device is based on a closed-chain kinematic architecture capable of reproducing the three principal rotational degrees of freedom of the ankle joint. This configuration enables controlled and repeatable rehabilitation exercises while ensuring mechanical stability and compactness. Furthermore, the device is designed to allow patients to perform rehabilitation exercises autonomously, without the continuous assistance of a physiotherapist, both in clinical environments and in home-based rehabilitation settings. Full article

In response to the health and environmental impacts of particleboard production and use, this research highlights the value of sustainable construction materials. Mycelium-based composites are a promising biobased solution that proposes the substitution of synthetic binders with fungal binders, while valorizing lignocellulosic residues. Therefore, the aim of this study is identifying the most suitable material combinations for mycelium-based composite production using Chilean residues through a systematic literature review. The methodology involved a systematic review of 346 scientific publications from Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed, of which 84 were chosen through a PRISMA-based review. Scientific publications permitted us to determine the most frequently used fungal strains, substrates, and additives. Co-occurrence analysis revealed that Pleurotus ostreatus was the predominant fungal strain (35/84, 41.67%), followed by Ganoderma lucidum (23/84, 27.38%) and Trametes versicolor (19/84, 22.62%). Meanwhile, agro-industrial subproducts (30/84, 35.71%) were the most frequently reported substrate, followed by wood subproducts (26/84, 30.95%). Among the additives, wheat bran (14/84, 16.67%) was the most used, followed by calcium sulfate (12/84, 14.29%) and calcium carbonate (11/84, 13.1%). These findings to demonstrate that Chilean forestry (5–7 million ton/year) and agro-industrial residues (4 million ton/year) can be effectively integrated into scalable mycelium-based composites, considering that, for the most part, they are simply burned as biomass. These residues are circular economy, low-impact and alternative sustainable construction materials that reduce the dependence on fossil-derived binders. Moreover, there is the potential to explore other residue additives that do not compete with the food industry (e.g., wheat ban) and are rich in nutrients (e.g., biological sludge) and regulate pH. Full article

Habitat production in informal settlements and vulnerable urban areas faces critical challenges regarding habitability and lack of infrastructure. This article evaluates a prototype for progressive temporary housing based on a modular metal scaffolding structure, conceived as an autonomous housing response unit in the district of Chilca-Huancayo, Peru. Unlike conventional solutions, the proposal integrates metabolic independence systems through photovoltaic generation and rainwater harvesting to guarantee functional autonomy from public utility networks. Adopting a mixed-method, experimental-applied approach, the research articulates technical simulations, full-scale structural load tests, and a social perception assessment. The results demonstrate the technical feasibility of the model: the energy system covers the entirety of basic demand, and the structural component exhibits ductile behavior under seismic demands, guaranteeing stability without brittle failures. Furthermore, the social dimension reveals high acceptability among residents in emergency scenarios. The study concludes that the use of reusable industrial systems enables a resilient and rapidly deployable architecture. It is argued that this model constitutes a viable alternative for risk management and the mitigation of the housing deficit in the context of urban exclusion, highlighting its potential for territorial replicability as a response to the social production of habitat on the periphery. Full article

The rapid proliferation of multi-standard fifth-generation (5G) new radio sub-6 GHz systems has intensified the demand for compact, high-isolation multiplexing components capable of simultaneously routing multiple frequency channels through a single shared antenna port without cross-band interference. This article presents the design and full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulation of a compact microstrip triplexer operating at 2.2, 2.6, and 3.0 GHz for 5G sub-6 GHz applications. The proposed triplexer employs square open-loop resonators (SOLRs) arranged as three independent three-pole Chebyshev bandpass filter channels. Each channel is synthesized from a standard normalized Chebyshev lowpass filter prototype. The three channels are integrated at a common input port via a T-junction, with the connecting transmission line stubs dimensioned to enforce high inter-channel isolation. The triplexer is implemented on Rogers RT/Duroid 6010LM substrate. Full-wave EM simulation results demonstrate return losses of 21.1, 23.1, and 22.8 dB; insertion losses of 1.08, 1.01, and 0.98 dB; and inter-channel isolations of 45.7, 45.2, and 45.7 dB for ports S₃₂, S₄₂, and S₄₃, respectively. The achieved inter-channel isolation exceeding 45 dB represents a significant improvement over the majority of recently reported microstrip triplexers operating in the sub-6 GHz range. The device occupies a compact circuit area of 0.34λg × 0.52λg. λg is the guided wavelength for the microstrip line impedance at the 2.6 GHz centre frequency of the triplexer. Full article

Passive single-phase to three-phase conversion represents an attractive alternative for low-power applications, particularly in isolated systems and rural electrification scenarios where simplicity, robustness, and low cost are essential. However, these passive topologies inherently produce voltage unbalance whose magnitude strongly depends on load characteristics. This work analyzes a passive single-phase to three-phase converter based on reactive elements and a transformer, focusing on the limits of voltage unbalance mitigation through discrete transformer tap optimization. The study is conducted under steady-state sinusoidal conditions using phasor modeling and symmetrical component analysis. The voltage unbalance factor (VUF) is adopted as the primary optimization metric, while the current unbalance factor (IUF), neutral current, and converter losses are used as complementary performance indicators. Results indicate that transformer tap optimization can reduce voltage unbalance for specific load conditions, although low residual unbalance is achieved only near the nominal operating point. Higher residual unbalance is observed as the load becomes more inductive within the investigated power-factor range. The findings indicate that passive single-phase to three-phase conversion can be technically viable for low-power applications with relatively stable load conditions. However, applications requiring high power quality or dynamic regulation may benefit from active converter solutions based on power electronics. Full article