Research Trends in Quantum Computers by Focusing on Qubits as Their Building Blocks
Abstract
:1. Quantum Technology
2. Quantum Computer Hardware
2.1. Superconducting Qubits
2.2. Trapped Ion Qubits
2.3. Neutral Atom Qubits
2.4. Other Types of Qubits
- Semiconductor qubits: the field of semiconductor qubits is quite diverse, encompassing various systems, materials, and techniques. The semiconductor qubits demonstrated so far differ from each other in many ways. They range from systems that operate at mill kelvin temperatures, which can only be achieved inside dilution refrigerators, to systems that are suitable for room-temperature operation. They can be artificially engineered potential wells that confine quantized electronic states or single-atom impurities in a lattice. They exploit nuclear or electronic degrees of freedom. Despite these differences, however, they share specific properties, such as the potential for high-density integration on a large scale. This feature arises from the well-established nanofabrication technology of the semiconductor industry [53].
- Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) qubits: While nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has demonstrated impressive control, it is not a practical candidate for quantum computers due to scalability issues. As the number of qubits grows beyond a dozen, the ratio of gate time to decoherence becomes too small. Therefore, there is a need for other technologies that can handle larger systems.
- Topological qubits: Topological qubits utilize anyons, which are exotic quasiparticles. Anyons have unique properties in fundamental physics as they generalize the statistics of bosons and fermions. Due to their exotic statistical behavior, they exhibit non-trivial quantum evolutions described by their topology. This means that they are abstracted from local geometrical details. When anyons are used to encode and process quantum information, this topological behavior provides much-desired resilience against control errors and perturbations [54].
- Molecular spins: Artificial magnetic molecules can contribute to the achievement of large-scale quantum computation by (a) integrating multiple quantum resources and (b) reducing the computational cost of some applications. Chemical design, guided by theoretical proposals, facilitates the embedding of nontrivial quantum functionalities in each molecular unit, which then act as a microscopic quantum processor able to encode error-protected logical qubits or to implement quantum simulations. Scaling up even further requires “wiring-up” multiple molecules. Recently, this goal was achieved by coupling to on-chip superconducting resonators. The potential advantages of this hybrid approach and the challenges that still lay ahead have been critically reviewed. Figure 4 demonstrates the molecular structures of three molecular spin qubits and the scaling-up process [55].
3. Looking Ahead
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dejpasand, M.T.; Sasani Ghamsari, M. Research Trends in Quantum Computers by Focusing on Qubits as Their Building Blocks. Quantum Rep. 2023, 5, 597-608. https://doi.org/10.3390/quantum5030039
Dejpasand MT, Sasani Ghamsari M. Research Trends in Quantum Computers by Focusing on Qubits as Their Building Blocks. Quantum Reports. 2023; 5(3):597-608. https://doi.org/10.3390/quantum5030039
Chicago/Turabian StyleDejpasand, Mohamad Taghi, and Morteza Sasani Ghamsari. 2023. "Research Trends in Quantum Computers by Focusing on Qubits as Their Building Blocks" Quantum Reports 5, no. 3: 597-608. https://doi.org/10.3390/quantum5030039