The Potential Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development in Tanzania: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. SDGs
- Poverty alleviation in all areas.
- Elimination of hunger by achieving food security and nutrition through the promotion of sustainable agriculture.
- Good health promotion at all levels.
- Insurance of comprehensive and justifiable quality education.
- The accomplishment of gender equality by empowering girls and women to participate fully in the socioeconomic and political sectors.
- Guaranteeing the availability of and access to water and environmental health services.
- Safeguarding access to sustainable and modern energy.
- Improvement of full, inclusive, and productive employment opportunities to all.
- Building of strong infrastructure for the realization of sustainable innovation and industrialization.
- Elimination of inequalities within and among nations.
- Ensuring safe and strong human settlements and cities.
- Safeguarding sustainable production and consumption forms.
- Elimination of climate change and its effects.
- Sustainable conservation of water bodies resources.
- Protection of biodiversity life by managing forests, combat land degradation, and desertification.
- Promotion of peace, security, and justice at all levels.
- Strengthening of the global partnership.
Goal Number 7 on Accessible and Modern Energy
- Equal access to affordable, reliable, and modern energy services.
- An increased stake of renewable energy in the total global energy needs.
- Doubled global population rate with improvement in energy efficiency.
- Promotion of international cooperation to permit investment in renewable energy technologies and growth.
- Expansion and upgrading of energy infrastructure and technologies and enhancement of the supply of contemporary and viable energy services to all communities in emerging nations.
3. Tanzanian Context about SDGs
4. Potential Renewable Energy Sources in Tanzania
4.1. Hydropower
- The dam is expected to trap an estimated 16.6 million tonnes of sediment and nutrients annually [56]. This will lead to increased erosion downstream, soil fertility loss due to reduced flooding of farmlands, and the shrinking of the Rufiji delta and of the largest mangrove forest in East Africa.
- It will risk the integrity of other globally noteworthy protected areas. The project will disturb the Rufiji–Mafia–Kilwa Marine Ramsar site through delta reduction and harm of marine species deposit and nutrients. Furthermore, the project will likely stop the seasonal migration of fish from the Rufiji River to the Kilombero Valley Floodplains Ramsar site upstream.
4.2. Wind Energy
4.3. Solar Energy
- Off-grid solar lighting or pico-solar products with 1–10 W that are small, cheap, and easy to use and provide basic lighting and phone charging services to off-grid households.
- Solar home systems with 10–200 W embrace solar panels, batteries, and inverters that can deliver a household with electricity for several devices like light bulbs, televisions, and a small refrigerator. These systems can likewise be applied to institutions like schools and hospitals.
- Mini-grids for rural electrification, which provides several large solar panels for the supply of electricity to households in rural areas.
- Big solar schemes for power generation, which can be linked to the national grid.
4.4. Bio-Power
Liquid Biofuels
4.5. Geothermal Power
5. Challenges of Renewable Energy Development in Tanzania
5.1. Shortage of Human Resource and Training
5.2. High Initial Investment Cost
5.3. Poor Community Awareness and Information Flow
5.4. Low Level of Research and Development
5.5. Poor and Unfriendly Institutional Framework
5.6. Electricity Networks Unreliability
6. Conclusions and Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Power Station | Installed Capacity (MW) | System | Region |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Kidatu | 204 | Great Ruaha River | Morogoro |
2. | Kihansi | 180 | Kihansi River | Morogoro |
3. | Mtera | 80 | Great Ruaha River | Dodoma |
4. | New Pangani Falls | 68 | River Pangani | Tanga |
5. | Hale | 21 | River Pangani | Tanga |
6. | Nyumba ya Mungu | 8 | River Pangani | Tanga |
Sub Total | 561 | - | - | |
Expected | ||||
1. | Stiegler’s Gorge | 2100 | Rufiji River | Morogoro |
2. | Kikonge | 300 | Ruhuhu River | Ruvuma |
3. | Songwe | 180 | Songwe River | Songwe |
4. | Rumakali | 22 | Rumakali River | Iringa |
5. | Small hydropower | <10 | Various rivers | Various regions |
Sub Total | 2612 | - | - | |
Grand Total | 3173 | - | - |
No. | Power Station | Installed Capacity (MW) | Location |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Ndola | 10 | Ruhuhu |
2 | Kitonga | 10 | Ikololo |
3 | Andoya Hydroelectric Power Ltd. | 1 | Mbinga |
4 | ACRA Tanzania | 0.3 | Ludewa |
5 | Mapembasi hydro Power Ltd | 12 | Njombe |
6 | Mwenga Mini Hydro Ltd | 4 | Iringa |
7 | Kikuletwa | 1.160 | Moshi |
8 | Tosamaganga | 1.22 | Iringa |
9 | Uwemba | 0.8 | Njombe |
10 | Mbarali | 0.7 | Mbeya |
11 | Bulongwa | 0.18 | Makete |
12 | Ngaresero | 0.155 | Arusha |
13 | Ngarenanyuki | 0.1 | Arusha |
14 | Makumira | 0.1 | Arusha |
15 | Mamba | 0.1 | Katavi |
16 | Ikonda | 0.04 | Njombe |
17 | Ndanda | 0.0144 | Masasi |
18 | Nyangao | 0.0388 | Lindi |
19 | Kaegesa | 0.044 | Sumbawanga |
Total | 41.9522 | - |
No. | Source | Quantity in Metric Tons Per Year |
---|---|---|
1. | Sugar bagasse | 1.5 million |
2. | Municipal solid waste | 4.7 |
3. | Forest residue | 1.1 |
4. | Sisal | 0.2 |
5. | Rice Husk | 0.2 |
6. | Coffee husk | 0.1 |
No. | Name of the Factory | Available Bagasse (tonnes/day) | Installed Capacity (MW) |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Kilombero | 13,729 | 10.6 |
2. | Kagera | 3000 | 5 |
3. | TPC | 2674 | 20 |
4. | Mtibwa | 2511 | 4 |
Total | 21,914 | 39.6 |
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Bishoge, O.K.; Zhang, L.; Mushi, W.G. The Potential Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development in Tanzania: A Review. Clean Technol. 2019, 1, 70-88. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol1010006
Bishoge OK, Zhang L, Mushi WG. The Potential Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development in Tanzania: A Review. Clean Technologies. 2019; 1(1):70-88. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol1010006
Chicago/Turabian StyleBishoge, Obadia Kyetuza, Lingling Zhang, and Witness Gerald Mushi. 2019. "The Potential Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development in Tanzania: A Review" Clean Technologies 1, no. 1: 70-88. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol1010006