Advances in the Treatment of Yaws
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Epidemiology
3. Clinical Features
4. Penicillin-Based Treatment
5. Azithromycin-Based Treatment
6. Community Treatment with Azithromycin
7. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Marks, M.; Solomon, A.W.; Mabey, D.C. Endemic treponemal diseases. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2014, 108, 601–607. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mitjà, O.; Asiedu, K.; Mabey, D. Yaws. Lancet 2013, 381, 763–773. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cejková, D.; Zobaníková, M.; Chen, L.; Pospíšilová, P.; Strouhal, M.; Qin, M.; Mikalová, L.; Norris, S.J.; Muzny, D.M.; Gibbs, R.A.; et al. Whole genome sequences of three Treponema pallidum ssp. pertenue strains: Yaws and syphilis treponemes differ in less than 0.2% of the genome sequence. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2012, 6, e1471. [Google Scholar]
- Agadzi, V.K.; Aboagye-Atta, Y.; Nelson, J.W.; Perine, P.L.; Hopkins, D.R. Resurgence of yaws in Ghana. Lancet 1983, 2, 389–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Asiedu, K. The return of yaws. Bull. World Health Organ. 2008, 86, 507–508. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Tharmaphornpilas, P.; Srivanichakorn, S.; Phraesrisakul, N. Recurrence of yaws outbreak in Thailand, 1990. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 1994, 25, 152–156. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Fegan, D.; Glennon, M.; Macbride-Stewart, G.; Moore, T. Yaws in the Solomon Islands. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1990, 93, 52–57. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Fegan, D.; Glennon, M.J.; Thami, Y.; Pakoa, G. Resurgence of yaws in Tanna, Vanuatu: Time for a new approach? Trop. Doct. 2010, 40, 68–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Manning, L.A.; Ogle, G.D. Yaws in the periurban settlements of Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. Papua New Guinea Med. J. 2002, 45, 206–212. [Google Scholar]
- John, R.K.S. Yaws in the Americas. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1985, 7, S266–S272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scolnik, D.; Aronson, L.; Lovinsky, R.; Toledano, K.; Glazier, R.; Eisenstadt, J.; Eisenberg, P.; Wilcox, L.; Rowsell, R.; Sliverman, M. Efficacy of a targeted, oral penicillin-based yaws control program among children living in rural South America. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2003, 36, 1232–1238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bora, D.; Dhariwal, A.C.; Lal, S. Yaws and its eradication in India—A brief review. J. Commun. Dis. 2005, 37, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Hackett, C.J. Extent and nature of the yaws problem in Africa. Bull. World Health Organ. 1953, 8, 127–182. [Google Scholar]
- Perine, P.L.; Hopkins, D.R.; Niemel, P.L.A.; St.-John, R.; Causse, G.; Antal, G.M. Handbook of Endemic Treponematoses: Yaws, Endemic Syphilis and Pinta; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 1984; Available online: http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/37178?locale=en (accessed on 2 May 2013).
- Houinei, W.; Godornes, C.; Kapa, A.; Knauf, S.; Mooring, E.Q.; González-Beiras, C.; Watup, R.; Paru, R.; Advent, P.; Bieb, S.; et al. Haemophilus ducreyi DNA is detectable on the skin of asymptomatic children, flies and fomites in villages of Papua New Guinea. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2017, 11, e0004958. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Knauf, S.; Raphael, J.; Mitjà, O.; Lejora, I.A.V.; Chuma, I.S.; Batamuzi, E.K.; Keyyu, J.D.; Fyumagwa, R.; Lüert, S.; Godornes, C.; et al. Isolation of Treponema DNA from necrophagous flies in a natural ecosystem. EBioMedicine 2016, 11, 85–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Harper, K.N.; Fyumagwa, R.D.; Hoare, R.; Wambura, P.N.; Coppenhaver, D.H.; Sapolsky, R.M.; Alberts, S.C.; Tung, J.; Rogers, J.; Kilewo, M.; et al. Treponema pallidum infection in the wild baboons of East Africa: Distribution and genetic characterization of the strains responsible. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e50882. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Knauf, S.; Liu, H.; Harper, K.N. Treponemal infection in nonhuman primates as possible reservoir for human yaws. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2013, 19, 2058–2060. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Koff, A.B.; Rosen, T. Nonvenereal treponematoses: Yaws, endemic syphilis, and pinta. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1993, 29, 519–535. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mitjà, O.; Hays, R.; Lelngei, F.; Laban, N.; Ipai, A.; Pakarui, S.; Bassat, Q. Challenges in recognition and diagnosis of yaws in children in Papua New Guinea. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2011, 85, 113–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sehgal, V.N. Leg ulcers caused by yaws and endemic syphilis. Clin. Dermatol. 1990, 8, 166–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mitjà, O.; Hays, R.; Ipai, A.; Wau, B.; Bassat, Q. Osteoperiostitis in early yaws: Case series and literature review. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2011, 52, 771–774. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rein, C.R. Treatment of yaws in the Haitian peasant. J. Natl. Med. Assoc. 1949, 41, 60–65. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Marks, M.; Goncalves, A.; Vahi, V.; Sakana, O.; Puiahi, E.; Zhang, Z.; Dalipanda, T.; Bottomley, C.; Mabey, D.; Solomin, A.W. Evaluation of a rapid diagnostic test for yaws infection in a community surveillance setting. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2014, 8, e3156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ayove, T.; Houniei, W.; Wangnapi, R.; Bieb, S.V.; Kazadi, W.; Luke, L.N.; Manineng, C.; Moses, P.; Paru, R.; Esfandiari, J.; et al. Sensitivity and specificity of a rapid point-of-care test for active yaws: A comparative study. Lancet Glob. Health 2014, 2, e415–e421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marks, M.; Chi, K.H.; Vahi, V.; Pillay, N.; Sokana, O.; Pavluck, A.; Mabey, D.C.; Chen, C.Y.; Solomon, A.W. Haemophilus ducreyi associated with skin ulcers among children, Solomon Islands. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2014, 20, 1705–1707. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mitjà, O.; Lukehart, S.A.; Pokowas, G.; Moses, P.; Kapa, A.; Godones, C.; Robson, J.; Cherian, S.; Houinei, W.; Kazadi, W.; et al. Haemophilus ducreyi as a cause of skin ulcers in children from a yaws-endemic area of Papua New Guinea: A prospective cohort study. Lancet Glob. Health 2014, 2, e235–e241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Backhouse, J.L.; Hudson, B.J.; Hamilton, P.A.; Nesteroff, S.I. Failure of penicillin treatment of yaws on Karkar Island, Papua New Guinea. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1998, 59, 388–392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Asiedu, K.; Amouzou, B.; Dhariwal, A.; Karam, M.; Lobo, D.; Patnaik, S.; Meheus, A. Yaws eradication: Past efforts and future perspectives. Bull. World Health Organ. 2008, 86, 499. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Antal, G.M.; Causse, G. The control of endemic treponematoses. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1985, 7, S220–S226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nurse-Findlay, S.; Taylor, M.M.; Savage, M.; Mello, M.B.; Saliyou, S.; Lavayen, S.; Seghers, F.; Campbell, M.L.; Birgirimana, F.; Ouedraogo, L.; et al. Shortages of benzathine penicillin for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of syphilis: An evaluation from multi-country surveys and stakeholder interviews. PLoS Med. 2017, 14, e1002473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Riedner, G.; Rusizoka, M.; Todd, J.; Maboko, L.; Hoelscher, M.; Mmbando, D.; Samky, E.; Lyamuya, E.; Mabey, D.; Grosskurth, H.; et al. Single-dose azithromycin versus penicillin G benzathine for the treatment of early syphilis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005, 353, 1236–1244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mitjà, O.; Hays, R.; Ipai, A.; Penias, M.; Paru, R.; Fagaho, D.; Lazzari, E.; Bassat, Q. Single-dose azithromycin versus benzathine benzylpenicillin for treatment of yaws in children in Papua New Guinea: An open-label, non-inferiority, randomised trial. Lancet 2012, 379, 342–347. [Google Scholar]
- Kwakye-Maclean, C.; Agana, N.; Gyapong, J.; Nortey, P.; Adu-Sarkodie, Y.; Aryee, E.; Asiedu, K.; Ballard, R.; Binka, F. A single dose oral azithromycin versus intramuscular benzathine penicillin for the treatment of yaws—A randomized non-inferiority trial in Ghana. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2017, 11, e0005154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mitjà, O.; González-Beiras, C.; Godornes, C.; Kolmau, R.; Houinei, W.; Abel, H.; Kapa, A.; Paru, A.; Bieb, S.V.; Wangi, J.; et al. Effectiveness of single-dose azithromycin to treat latent yaws: A longitudinal comparative cohort study. Lancet Glob. Health 2017, 5, e1268–e1274. [Google Scholar]
- Marks, M.; Mitjà, O.; Bottomley, C.; Kwakye, C.; Houinei, W.; Bauri, M.; Adwere, P.; Abdulai, A.A.; Dua, F.; Boateng, L.; et al. Comparative efficacy of low-dose versus standard-dose azithromycin for patients with yaws: A randomised non-inferiority trial in Ghana and Papua New Guinea. Lancet Glob. Health 2018, 6, e401–e410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grimes, M.; Sahi, S.K.; Godornes, B.C.; Tantalo, L.C.; Roberts, N.; Bostick, D.; Marra, C.M.; Lukehart, S.A. Two mutations associated with macrolide resistance in Treponema pallidum: Increasing prevalence and correlation with molecular strain type in Seattle, Washington. Sex Transm. Dis. 2012, 39, 954–958. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lukehart, S.A.; Godornes, C.; Molini, B.J.; Sonnett, P.; Hopkins, S.; Mulcahy, F.; Engelman, J.; Mitchell, S.J.; Rompalo, A.M.; Marra, C.M.; et al. Macrolide resistance in Treponema pallidum in the United States and Ireland. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004, 351, 154–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, C.Y.; Chi, K.H.; Pillay, A.; Nachamkin, E.; Su, J.R.; Ballard, R.C. Detection of the A2058G and A2059G 23S rRNA gene point mutations associated with azithromycin resistance in Treponema pallidum by use of a TaqMan real-time multiplex PCR assay. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2013, 51, 908–913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Šmajs, D.; Paštěková, L.; Grillová, L. Macrolide resistance in the syphilis spirochete, Treponema pallidum ssp. pallidum: Can we also expect macrolide-resistant yaws strains? Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2015, 93, 678–683. [Google Scholar]
- Šmajs, D.; Pospíšilová, P. Macrolide resistance in yaws. Lancet 2018, 391, 1555–1556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mitjà, O.; Godornes, C.; Houinei, W.; Kapa, A.; Paru, R.; Abel, H.; González-Beiras, C.; Bieb, S.V.; Wangi, J.; Barry, A.E.; et al. Re-emergence of yaws after single mass azithromycin treatment followed by targeted treatment: A longitudinal study. Lancet Lond. Engl. 2018, 391, 1599–1607. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Solomon, A.W.; Holland, M.J.; Alexander, N.D.E.; Massae, P.A.; Aguirre, A.; Natividad-Sancho, A.; Molina, S.; Safari, S.; Shao, J.F.; Courtright, P.; et al. Mass treatment with single-dose azithromycin for trachoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004, 351, 1962–1971. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Emerson, P.M.; Burton, M.J.; Solomon, A.W.; Bailey, R.; Mabey, D.C. The SAFE strategy for trachoma control: Using operational research for policy, and implementation. Bull. World Health Organ. 2006, 84, 613–619. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Keenan, J.D.; Bailey, R.L.; West, S.K.; Arzika, A.M.; Hart, J.; Weaver, J.; Kalua, K.; Mrango, Z.; Ray, K.J.; Cook, C.; et al. Azithromycin to reduce childhood mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. N. Engl. J. Med. 2018, 378, 1583–1592. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- The World Health Organization. Eradication of yaws—The Morges Strategy. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 2012, 87, 189–194. [Google Scholar]
- Marks, M.; Mitjà, O.; Fitzpatrick, C.; Asiedu, K.; Solomon, A.W.; Mabey, D.C.; Funk, S. Mathematical modeling of programmatic requirements for yaws eradication. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2017, 23, 22–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dyson, L.; Marks, M.; Crook, O.M.; Sokana, O.; Solomon, A.W.; Bishop, A.; Mabey, D.C.W.; Hollingsworth, T.D. Targeted treatment of yaws with household contact tracing: How much do we miss? Am. J. Epidemiol. 2018, 187, 837–844. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marks, M.; Vahi, V.; Sokana, O.; Puiahi, E.; Pavluck, A.; Zhang, Z.; Dalipanda, T.; Bottomley, C.; Mabey, D.C.; Solomon, A.W. Mapping the epidemiology of yaws in the Solomon Islands: A cluster randomized survey. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2015, 92, 129–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marks, M.; Vahi, V.; Sokana, O.; Chi, K.H.; Puiahi, E.; Kilua, G.; Pillay, A.; Dalipanda, T.; Bottomley, C.; Solomon, A.W.; et al. Impact of community mass treatment with azithromycin for trachoma elimination on the prevalence of yaws. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2015, 9, e0003988. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marks, M.; Sokanam, O.; Nachamkin, E.; Puiahi, E.; Kilua, G.; Pillay, A.; Bottomley, C.; Solomon, A.W.; Mabey, D.C. Prevalence of active and latent yaws in the Solomon Islands 18 months after azithromycin mass drug administration for trachoma. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2016, 10, e0004927. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Abdulai, A.A.; Agana-Nsiire, P.; Biney, F.; Kwakye-Maclea, C.; Kyei-Faried, S.; Amponsa-Achiano, K.; Simpson, S.V.; Bonsu, G.; Ohene, S.A.; Ampofo, W.K.; et al. Community-based mass treatment with azithromycin for the elimination of yaws in Ghana—Results of a pilot study. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2018, 12, e0006303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mitjà, O.; Houinei, W.; Moses, P.; Kapa, A.; Paru, R.; Hays, R.; Lukehart, S.; Godornes, C.; Bieb, S.V.; Grice, T.; Siba, P.; et al. Mass treatment with single-dose azithromycin for yaws. N. Engl. J. Med. 2015, 372, 703–710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Prevalence of Clinically Active Yaws | Treatment Strategy |
---|---|
Hyperendemic: above 10% | Benzathine benzylpenicillin to the whole community (total mass treatment) |
Mesoendemic: 5–10% | Treat all active cases, all children under 15 and all contacts of infectious cases (juvenile mass treatment) |
Hypoendemic: under 5% | Treat all active cases and all household and other contacts (selective mass treatment) |
© 2018 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Marks, M. Advances in the Treatment of Yaws. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2018, 3, 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed3030092
Marks M. Advances in the Treatment of Yaws. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2018; 3(3):92. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed3030092
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarks, Michael. 2018. "Advances in the Treatment of Yaws" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 3, no. 3: 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed3030092