Study of Energy Loss for Distributed Power-Flow Assignment in a Smart Home Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Introduce a system model of fluctuating DPFA to study balancing RE resources and power loads with the presence of ESSs in a smart home.
- Propose power-flow assignment algorithms for the energy system to efficiently assign the required power for single and multiple power loads, i.e., single-load power-flow assignment (SPFA) and multiple-load power-flow assignment (MPFA) algorithms, respectively.
- Reveal through simulation results that the proposed PFA algorithms ensure that the total energy from PGs from RE resources are completely supplied to all the PLs in order to reduce energy loss due to ESSs.
2. Background
3. Related Works
4. System Model
4.1. Preliminaries
4.2. Power Generators and Loads
4.3. Power Storage Systems
4.4. Energy Loss of Power Storage System
5. Fluctuating Distributed Power-Flow Assignment
5.1. Single-Load and Multiple-Load Power-Flow Assignment
5.2. Single-Load Power-Flow Assignment Algorithm
Algorithm 1 SPFA/GS Algorithm |
Definition: Assume the total energy remaining at time t is , the total energy lacking at time t is , and M=N=H |
1: function SPFA/GS |
2: while not assigned to any power generator do |
3: for to N, to M, to H do |
4: if then |
5: turns on |
6: Compute |
7: Assign |
8: else if then |
9: turns on |
10: Compute |
11: Assign |
12: else |
13: turns off |
14: Assign |
15: end if |
16: end for |
17: end while |
18: end function |
5.3. Multiple-Load Power-Flow Assignment Algorithm
Algorithm 2 MPFA/SG Algorithm |
Definition: Assume the total energy remaining at time t is , total energy lacking at time t is , and M=N=H |
1: function MPFA/SG |
2: while not assigned to any power generator do |
3: for to N, to M, to H do |
4: if then |
5: turns on |
6: Compute |
7: Assign |
8: else if then |
9: turns on |
10: Compute |
11: Assign |
12: else |
13: turns off |
14: Assign |
15: end if |
16: end for |
17: end while |
18: end function |
Algorithm 3 MPFA/MG Algorithm |
Definition: Assume the total energy remaining at time t is , total energy lacking at time t is , total charging energy at time t is , total discharging energy at time t is , and M=N=H |
1: function MPFA/MG |
2: while not assigned to any power generator do |
3: for to N, to M, to H do |
4: if then |
5: turns on |
6: Compute |
7: Compute |
8: Assign |
9: else if then |
10: turns on |
11: Compute |
12: Compute |
13: Assign |
14: else |
15: turns off |
16: Compute |
17: Assign |
18: end if |
19: end for |
20: end while |
21: end function |
6. Numerical Studies
6.1. Simulation Setup and Scenario
6.2. Four Different Logical Power Connections
6.3. Energy Profile
6.4. Analysis and Discussion of Energy Loss and Stored Energy of ESS
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AC | Air Conditioning |
BLE | Bluetooth Low Energy |
CPFA | Centralized Power-flow Assignment |
DPFA | Distributed Power-flow Assignment |
ESS | Energy Storage System |
FC | Fuel Cell |
IoT | Internet of Things |
MPFA | Multiple-load Power-flow Assignment |
MPFA/SG | Multiple-load Power-flow Assignment: Single Generator-to-Storage |
MPFA/MG | Multiple-load Power-flow Assignment: Multiple Generators-to-Storage |
PFA | Power-flow Assignment |
PG | Power Generator |
PL | Power Load |
PLC | Power Line Communication |
PoE | Power over Ethernet |
PS | Power Storage |
PV | Photovoltaic |
QoES | Quality of Energy Service |
RE | Renewable Energy Resources |
SoC | State of Charge |
SPE | Single-Pair Ethernet |
SPFA | Single-load Power-flow Assignment |
SPFA/S | Single-load Power-flow Assignment: Storage source |
SPFA/GS | Single-load Power-flow Assignment: Generator and Storage sources |
VF | Ventilation Fan |
Nomenclature
m | mth power generator |
n | nth power load |
h | hth power storage |
A set of power generators | |
A set of power loads | |
A set of power storages | |
Energy generation level of mth fluctuating power generator at time t | |
Energy demand level of nth fluctuating power load at time t | |
Minimum state of charge of hth power storage | |
Maximum state of charge of hth power storage | |
Initial state of charge of hth power storage | |
Stored energy of hth power storage at time t | |
Charge or discharge energy of hth power storage at time t | |
Charging loss of hth power storage at time t | |
Discharging loss of hth power storage at time t | |
Capacity of hth power storage | |
Logical power-flow connections from X to Y at time t | |
Instantaneous power level of mth fluctuating power generator at time t | |
Instantaneous power level of nth fluctuating power load at time t | |
Minimum instantaneous power level limitations of mth fluctuating power generator | |
Maximum instantaneous power level limitations of mth fluctuating power generator | |
Minimum instantaneous power level limitations of nth fluctuating power load | |
Maximum instantaneous power level limitations of nth fluctuating power load | |
Instantaneous input power of hth power storage at time t | |
Instantaneous output power of hth power storage at time t | |
Minimum instantaneous input power level limitations of hth power storage | |
Maximum instantaneous input power level limitations of hth power storage | |
Minimum instantaneous output power level limitations of hth power storage | |
Maximum instantaneous output power level limitations of hth power storage | |
Charging efficiency of power storage | |
Discharging efficiency of power storage | |
Total remaining energy to be charged at time t | |
Total energy lacking to be discharged at time t | |
Total charging energy at time t | |
Total discharging energy at time t |
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Season | AC (Wh) | VF (Wh) |
---|---|---|
Winter | 890 | 16.5 |
Spring | 380 | 16.5 |
Summer | 790 | 27.8 |
Autumn | 380 | 27.8 |
Season | SPFA/S | SPFA/GS | MPFA/SG | MPFA/MG |
---|---|---|---|---|
Winter | 2.035 | 0.941 | 0.668 | 0.682 |
Summer | 2.199 | 0.925 | 0.700 | 0.712 |
Spring | 2.342 | 1.509 | 1.068 | 1.068 |
Autumn | 1.798 | 0.968 | 0.712 | 0.742 |
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Khwanrit, R.; Lim, Y.; Javaid, S.; Kittipiyakul, S.; Tan, Y. Study of Energy Loss for Distributed Power-Flow Assignment in a Smart Home Environment. Designs 2022, 6, 99. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060099
Khwanrit R, Lim Y, Javaid S, Kittipiyakul S, Tan Y. Study of Energy Loss for Distributed Power-Flow Assignment in a Smart Home Environment. Designs. 2022; 6(6):99. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060099
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhwanrit, Ruengwit, Yuto Lim, Saher Javaid, Somsak Kittipiyakul, and Yasuo Tan. 2022. "Study of Energy Loss for Distributed Power-Flow Assignment in a Smart Home Environment" Designs 6, no. 6: 99. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6060099