A Numerical Thermal Analysis of a Battery Pack in an Electric Motorbike Application
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology and Simulation
2.1. Battery Pack Configuration
2.2. Battery Thermal Model
2.3. FEA Model Development
2.4. Mesh Independence Test
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effect of Ambient Temperature
3.2. Effect of Coolant Temperature
3.3. Effect of Coolant Types
3.4. Validation of Thermal Performance Analysis under Custom Drive Profile
3.5. Uncertainity Analysis
3.6. General Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Battery Specifications | Values |
---|---|
Diameter (mm) | 18 |
Height (mm) | 65 |
Weight (g) | 45 |
Chemistry | Nickel/Cobalt/Rechargeable |
Maximum Charging Voltage | 4.2 |
Nominal Voltage (V) | 3.7 |
Minimum Cut-off Voltage (V) | 2.5 |
Maximum Capacity (mAh) | 3350 |
Nominal Capacity (mAh) | 3200 |
Internal Resistance (mΩ) | 38 |
Battery Pack Configuration | 20S12P |
Working temperature range (°C) | Charge: 0 to +45 Discharge: −20 to +60 |
Material | Density | Specific Heat | Thermal Conductivity |
---|---|---|---|
Battery | 2500 | 1200 | 4 |
Al | 2719 | 871 | 202 |
Cu | 8960 | 385 | 400 |
Ambient Temperature (°C) | Al Housing, Predicted Temperature (°C) at Different Discharge Rates | Cu Housing, Predicted Temperature (°C) at Different Discharge Rates | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.5C | 1C | 3C | 5C | 0.5C | 1C | 3C | 5C | |
5 | 5.1 | 5.4 | 8.5 | 15 | 5.08 | 5.3 | 7.5 | 13 |
15 | 15.1 | 15.4 | 18.5 | 25 | 15.08 | 15.3 | 17.5 | 23 |
35 | 35.1 | 35.4 | 38.5 | 45 | 35.08 | 35.3 | 37.5 | 43 |
45 | 45.1 | 45.4 | 48.5 | 55 | 45.08 | 45.3 | 47.5 | 53 |
Material | Mineral Oil | Water/Glycol |
---|---|---|
924.1 | 1069 | |
1900 | 3323 | |
0.13 | 0.3892 | |
5.6 × 10−5 | 2.58 × 10−6 |
Parameters | Values |
---|---|
Liquid cold plate size | 400 mm × 200 mm × 16 mm |
Maximum Diameter of the outer channel (mm) | 9 mm |
Channel pass | 4 |
Working liquid | 45 |
Channel | Cu |
Working coolant temperature range (°C) | 5–20 |
C-Rate [C] | Predicted Battery Temperature, [°C] @ Mineral Oil | Predicted Battery Temperature, [°C] @ Water/Glycol [50% + 50%] |
---|---|---|
0.5 | 23.10 | 20.44 |
1 | 27.30 | 21.00 |
2 | 41.40 | 23.60 |
3 | 59.00 | 27.00 |
4 | 79.00 | 31.00 |
5 | 101.00 | 36.00 |
C-Rate [C] | Predicted Battery Temperature, [°C] | Predicted Battery Temperature, [°C] @ 5% Variation in Charging Current + Heat Transfer Coefficient | Predicted Battery Temperature, [°C] @ 10% Variation in Charging Current + Heat Transfer Coefficient | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heat Transfer Coefficient [W·m−2·K−1] | No Variation | +5% Variation | −5% Variation | Relative Error @ +5% (%) | Relative Error @ −5% (%) | +10% Variation | −10% Variation | Relative Error @ +5% (%) | Relative Error @ −5% (%) | |
1 | 2647 | 21.00 | 21.10 | 21.00 | 0.47 | 0.00 | 21.20 | 20.90 | 0.95 | 0.47 |
2 | 3432 | 23.60 | 23.80 | 23.40 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 24.00 | 23.00 | 1.69 | 2.54 |
3 | 4321 | 27.00 | 27.50 | 26.50 | 1.85 | 1.85 | 28.00 | 26.00 | 3.70 | 3.70 |
4 | 5165 | 31.00 | 32.00 | 30.50 | 3.22 | 1.61 | 33.00 | 29.50 | 6.45 | 4.83 |
5 | 5976 | 36.00 | 37.00 | 35.00 | 2.77 | 2.78 | 39.00 | 34.00 | 8.33 | 5.55 |
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Share and Cite
Shahjalal, M.; Shams, T.; Hossain, S.B.; Roy, P.K.; Jion, A.A.; Ahsan, M.; Chowdhury, J.I.; Ahmed, M.R.; Alam, S.B.; Haider, J. A Numerical Thermal Analysis of a Battery Pack in an Electric Motorbike Application. Designs 2022, 6, 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6040060
Shahjalal M, Shams T, Hossain SB, Roy PK, Jion AA, Ahsan M, Chowdhury JI, Ahmed MR, Alam SB, Haider J. A Numerical Thermal Analysis of a Battery Pack in an Electric Motorbike Application. Designs. 2022; 6(4):60. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6040060
Chicago/Turabian StyleShahjalal, Mohammad, Tamanna Shams, Sadat Bin Hossain, Probir Kumar Roy, Arafat Alam Jion, Mominul Ahsan, Jahedul Islam Chowdhury, Md Rishad Ahmed, Syed Bahauddin Alam, and Julfikar Haider. 2022. "A Numerical Thermal Analysis of a Battery Pack in an Electric Motorbike Application" Designs 6, no. 4: 60. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs6040060